5
The fundamental property of organic structure is to seek what is beneficial, and to shun what is hurtful to it. Dr. Henry Maudsley, Body and Mind, p. 22.
The most essential nature of a sentient being is to move to pleasure and from pain. A. Bain, On the Study of Character, p. 292 (London, 1861).
States of Pleasure are connected with an increase, states of Pain with an abatement of some or all of the vital functions. A. Bain, Mind and Body, p. 59.
Affectus est confusa idea, quâ Mens majorem, vel minorem sui corporis, vel alicujus ejus partis, existendi vim affirmat. Spinoza, Ethices, Lib. III. ad finem.
6
The extension of the mechanical laws of motion to organic motion was, I believe, first carried out by Comte. His biological form of the first law is as follows: Tout état, statique ou dynamique, tend à persister spontanément, sans aucune altération, en resistant aux perturbations extérieures. Système de Politique Positive, Tome iv. p. 178. The metaphysical ground of this law has, I think, been very well shown by Schopenhauer to be in the Kantian principle that time is not a force, nor a quality of matter, but a condition of perception, and hence it can exert no physical influence. See Schopenhauer, Parerga und Paralipomena, Bd. II, s. 37.
7
Aller Genuss, seiner Natur nach, ist negativ, d. h., in Befreiung von einer Noth oder Pein besteht. Parerga und Paralipomena. Bd. II, s. 482.
8
No impression whatever is pleasant beyond the instant of its realization; since, at that very instant, commences the change of susceptibility, which suggests the desire for a change of impression or for a renewal of that impression which is fading away. Dr. J. P. Catlow, The Principles of Aesthetic Medicine, p. 155 (London, 1867).
Dum re, quem appetamus fruimur, corpus ex ea fruitione novam acquirat constitutionem, á quá aliter determinatur, et aliæ rerum imagines in eo excitantur, etc. Spinoza, Ethices, Pars III, Prop. lix.
9
Feeling and thought are much more real than anything else; they are the only things which we directly know to be real. John Stuart Mill. Theism, p. 202. How very remote external objects are from what we take them to be, is constantly shown in physiological studies. As Helmholtz remarks: No kind and no degree of similarity exists between the quality of a sensation, and the quality of the agent inducing it and portrayed by it. Lectures on Scientific Subjects, p. 390.
10
The Philosophy of Consciousness, p. 72.
11
The Gospel of John (ch. xviii.) leaves the impression that Pilate either did not wait for an answer but asked the question in contempt, as Bacon understood, or else that waiting he received no answer. The Gospel of Nicodemus, however, written according to Tischendorf in the second century, probably from tradition, gives the rest of the conversation as follows: Pilate says to him: What is truth? Jesus says: Truth is from heaven. Pilate says: Is not there truth upon earth? Jesus says to Pilate: See how one who speaks truth is judged by those who have power upon earth! [ch. iii.]
12
The most acute recent discussion of this subject is by Helmholtz, in his essay entitled, Recent Progress in the Theory of Vision.
13
George Boole, Professor of Mathematics in Queens College, Cork, was born Nov. 2, 1815, died Dec. 8, 1864. He was the author of several contributions to the higher mathematics, but his principal production is entitled: An Investigation into the Laws of Thought, on which are founded the mathematical Theories of Logic and Probabilities [London, 1854.] Though the reputation he gained was so limited that one may seek his name in vain in the New American Cyclopedia [1875], or the Dictionnaire des Contemporains [1859], the few who can appreciate his treatise place the very highest estimate upon it. Professor Todhunter, in the preface to his History of the Theory of Probabilities, calls it a marvellous work, and in similar language Professor W. Stanley Jevons speaks of it as one of the most marvellous and admirable pieces of reasoning ever put together (Pure Logic, p. 75). Professor Bain, who gives a synopsis of it in his Deductive Logic, wholly misapprehends the authors purpose, and is unable to appraise justly his conclusions.
14
The Institutes of Metaphysic, p. 459, (2nd edition.)
15
An Outline of the Necessary Laws of Thought, p. 113 (New York, 1860).
16
The Dhamapada, verse 93.
17
Koppen, Der Buddhismus, s. 30.
18
Spencer in assuming an unknowable universal causal agent and source of things, as the nature of the power manifested in phenomena, and in calling this the idea common to both religion and ideal science, fell far behind Comte, who expressed the immovable position, not only of positive science but of all intelligence, in these words: Le véritable esprit positif consiste surtout à substituer toujours létude des lois invariables des phénomènes à celles de leurs causes proprement dites, premières ou finales, en un mot la determination du comment à celle du pourquoi. Systèmede Politique Positive, i. p. 47. Compare Spencers Essay entitled, Reasons for dissenting from Comte. The purposive law is the only final cause which reason allows. Comtes error lay in ignoring this class of laws.
19
The Institutes of Metaphysic, 2d Ed. See also Bain, The Emotions and the Will, the closing note.
20
Boole, Laws of Thought, p. 401.
21
Address to the Clergy, pp. 42, 43, 67, 106, etc.
22
E. von Hardenberg [Novalis], Werke, s. 364.
23
Treatises Devotional and Practical, p. 188. London, 1836.
24
In Aramaic dachla means either a god or fear. The Arabic Allah and the Hebrew Eloah are by some traced to a common root, signifying to tremble, to show fear, though the more usual derivation is from one meaning to be strong.
25
Wen die Hoffnung, den hat auch die Furcht verlassen. Arthur Schopenhauer, Parerga und Paralipomena. Bd. ii. s. 474.
26
Alexander Bain, On the Study of Character, p. 128. See also his remarks in his work, The Emotions and the Will, p. 84, and in his notes to James Mills Analysis of the Mind, vol. i., pp. 124-125.
27
Wilhelm von Humboldts Gesammelte Werke, Bd. vii., s. 62.
28
De Senancourt, Obermann, Lettre xli.
29
Elements of Medical Psychology, p. 331.
30
Lessings Gesammelte Werke. B. ii. s. 443 (Leipzig, 1855).
31
See Exodus, xxiii. 12; Psalms, lv. 6; Isaiah, xxx. 15; Jeremiah, vi. 16; Hebrews, v. 9. So St. Augustine: et nos post opera nostra sabbato vitæ eternæ requiescamus in te. Confessionum Lib. xiii. cap. 36.
32
Filioli, diligite alterutrum. This is the testamentum Johannis, as recorded from tradition by St. Jerome in his notes to the Epistle to the Galatians.
33
Alexander Bain, The Senses and the Intellect, Chap. I.
34
A Christian Directory. Part I. Chap. III.
35
The very nature of affection, the idea itself, necessarily implies resting in its object as an end. Fifteen Sermons by Joseph Butler, late Lord Bishop of Durham, Preface, and p. 147 (London, 1841).
36
Dr. J. Milner Fothergill, Journal of Mental Science, Oct. 1874, p. 198.
37
The most recent work on the topic is that of Messrs. Westropp and Wake, The Influence of the Phallic Idea on the Religions of Antiquity, London, 1874.
38
Schoolcrafts History and Statistics of the Indian Tribes, Vol. iv. p. 224.
39
Richardson, Arctic Expedition, p. 412.
40
Most physicians have occasion to notice the almost entire loss in modern life of the instinctive knowledge of the sex relation. Sir James Paget has lately treated of the subject in one of his Clinical Lectures (London, 1875).
41
Dr. J. P. Catlow, Principles of Aesthetic Medicine, p. 112. This thoughtful though obscure writer has received little recognition even in the circle of professional readers.
42
This is probably what was condemned in Deuteronomy xxii. 5, and Romans, i. 26.
43
The worship of Siva is too severe, too stern for the softer emotions of love, and all his temples are quite free from any allusions to it. Ferguson, Tree and Serpent Worship, p. 71.
44
W. von Humboldt, in his admirable essay Ueber die Männliche und Weibliche Form (Werke, Bd. I.). Elsewhere he adds: In der Natur des Gœttlichen strebt alles der Reinheit und Vollkommenheit des Gattungsbegriff entgegen.
45
I have collected the Haitian myths, chiefly from the manuscript Historia Apologetica de las Indias Occidentales of Las Casas, in an essay published in 1871, The Arawack Language of Guiana in its Linguistic and Ethnological Relations.
46
The Koran, Suras, cxii., lxii., and especially xix.
47
Elements of Medical Psychology, p. 281.
48
J. Thompson Dickson, The Science and Practice of Medicine in relation to Mind, p. 383 (New York, 1874).