This was decidedly a well-got-up affair for a colonial place. The Maori oracles are precisely like those of Delphi. In one case a chief was absent, was inquired for, and the Voice came, He will return, yet not return. Six months later the chiefs friends went to implore him to come home. They brought him back a corpse; they had found him dying, and carried away the body. In another case, when the Maori oracle was consulted as to the issue of a proposed war, it said: A desolate country, a desolate country, a desolate country! The chiefs, of course, thought the other country was meant, but they were deceived, as Crœsus was by Delphi, when he was told that he would ruin a great empire. In yet another case, the Maoris were anxious for the spirits to bring back a European ship, on which a girl had fled with the captain. The Pakeha Maori was present at this séance, and heard the hollow, mysterious whistling Voice, The ships nose I will batter out on the great sea. Even the priest was puzzled, this, he said, was clearly a deceitful spirit, or atua, like those of which Porphyry complains, like most of them in fact. But, ten days later, the ship came back to port; she had met a gale, and sprung a leak in the bow, called, in Maori, the nose (ihu). It is hardly surprising that some Europeans used to consult the oracle.
Possibly some spiritualists may take comfort in these anecdotes, and allege that the Maori mediums were very powerful. This is said to have been the view taken by some American believers, in a very curious case, reported by Kohl, but the tale, as he tells it, cannot possibly be accurate. However, it illustrates and strangely coincides with some stories related by the Jesuit, Père Lejeune, in the Canadian Mission, about 1637. The instances bear both on clairvoyance and on the force which is said to shake houses as well as to lift tables, in the legends of the modern thaumaturgists. We shall take Kohls tale before those of the old Jesuit. Kohl first describes the Medicine Lodge, already alluded to in the account of Dènè Hareskin magic.
The lodge answers to what spiritualists call the cabinet, usually a place curtained off in modern practice. Behind this the medium now gets up his materialisations, and other cheap mysteries. The classical performers of the fourth century also knew the advantage of a close place, 23 where the power would not be scattered. This idea is very natural, granting the power. The modern Ojibway close place, or lodge, like those seen by old Jesuit fathers, is composed of stout posts, connected with basket-work, and covered with birch bark. It is tall and narrow, and resembles a chimney. It is very firmly built, and two men, even if exerting their utmost strength, would be unable to move, shake, or bend it. 24 On this topic Kohl received information from a gentleman who knew the Indians well, and was even related to them through his wife. He, and many other white people thirty years before, saw a Jossakeed, or medium, crawl into such a lodge as Kohl describes, beating his tambour. The entire case began gradually trembling, shaking, and oscillating slowly amidst great noise It bent back and forwards, up and down, like the mast of a vessel in a storm. I could not understand how those movements could be produced by a man inside, as we could not have caused them from the exterior. Two voices, both entirely different, were then heard within. Some spiritualists (here is the weakest part of the story) who were present explained it through modern spiritualism. Now this was not before 1859, when Kohls book appeared in English, and modern spiritualism, as a sect of philosophy, was not born till 1848, so that, thirty years before 1859, in 1829, there were no modern spiritualists. This, then, is absurd. However, the tale goes on, and Kohls informant says that he knew the Jossakeed, or medium, who had become a Christian. On his deathbed the white man asked him how it was done: now is the time to confess all truthfully. The converted one admitted the premisses he was dying, a Christian man but, Believe me, I did not deceive you at that time. I did not move the lodge. It was shaken by the power of the spirits. I could see a great distance round me, and believed I could recognise the most distant objects. This with an expression of simple truth. It is interesting, but the interval of thirty years is a naked impossibility. In 1829 there were queer doings in America. Joe Smiths Mormons spoke with tongues, like Irvings congregation at the same time, but there were no modern spiritualists. Kohls informant should have said ten years ago, if he wanted his anecdote to be credited, and it is curious that Kohl did not notice this circumstance.
We now come to the certainly honest evidence of the Père Lejeune, the Jesuit missionary. In the Relations de la Nouvelle France (1634), Lejeune discusses the sorcerers, who, as rival priests, gave him great trouble. He describes the Medicine Lodge just as Kohl does. The fire is put out, of course, the sorcerer enters, the lodge shakes, voices are heard in Montagnais and Algonkin, and the Father thought it all a clumsy imposture. The sorcerer, in a very sportsmanlike way, asked him to go in himself and try what he could make of it. Youll find that your body remains below and your soul mounts aloft. The cautious Father, reflecting that there were no white witnesses, declined to make the experiment. This lodge was larger than those which Kohl saw, and would have held half a dozen men. This was in 1634; by 1637 Père Lejeune began to doubt whether his theory that the lodge was shaken by the juggler would hold water. Two Indians one of them a sorcerer, Pigarouich, me descouvrant avec grande sincerité toutes ses malices making a clean breast of his tricks vowed that they did not shake the lodge that a great wind entered fort promptement et rudement, and they added that the tabernacle (as Lejeune very injudiciously calls the Medicine Lodge), is sometimes so strong that a single man can hardly stir it. The sorcerer was a small weak man. Lejeune himself noted the strength of the structure, and saw it move with a violence which he did not think a man could have communicated to it, especially not for such a length of time. He was assured by many (Indian) witnesses that the tabernacle was sometimes laid level with the ground, and again that the sorcerers arm and legs might be seen projecting outside, while the lodge staggered about nay, more, the lodge would rock and sway after the juggler had left it. As usual, there was a savage, Auiskuouaskousit, who had seen a juggler rise in air out of the structure, while others, looking in, saw that he was absent. St. Theresa had done equal marvels, but this does not occur to the good Father.
The savage with the long name was a Christian catechumen, and yet he stood to it that he had seen a sorcerer disappear before his very eyes, like the second-sighted Highlander in Kirks Secret Commonwealth (1691). His neibours often perceaved this man to disappear at a certane place, and about one hour after to become visible. It would be more satisfactory if the Father had seen these things himself, like Mrs. Newton Crosland, who informs the world that, when with Robert Chambers and other persons of sanity, she felt a whole house violently shaken, trembling, and thrilling in the presence of a medium not a professional, but a young lady amateur. Here, of course, we greatly desire the evidence of Robert Chambers. Spirits came to Swedenborg with a wind, but it was only strong enough to flutter papers; the cause of which, as he remarks with naïveté, I do not yet understand. If Swedenborg had gone into a Medicine Lodge, no doubt, in that close place, the phenomena would have been very much more remarkable. In 1853 Père Arnaud visited the Nasquapees, and describes a séance. The conjurers shut themselves up in a little lodge, and remain for a few minutes in a pensive attitude, cross-legged. Soon the lodge begins to move like a table turning, and replies by bounds and jumps to the questions which are put to the conjurer. 25 The experiment might be tried with a modern medium.
The savage with the long name was a Christian catechumen, and yet he stood to it that he had seen a sorcerer disappear before his very eyes, like the second-sighted Highlander in Kirks Secret Commonwealth (1691). His neibours often perceaved this man to disappear at a certane place, and about one hour after to become visible. It would be more satisfactory if the Father had seen these things himself, like Mrs. Newton Crosland, who informs the world that, when with Robert Chambers and other persons of sanity, she felt a whole house violently shaken, trembling, and thrilling in the presence of a medium not a professional, but a young lady amateur. Here, of course, we greatly desire the evidence of Robert Chambers. Spirits came to Swedenborg with a wind, but it was only strong enough to flutter papers; the cause of which, as he remarks with naïveté, I do not yet understand. If Swedenborg had gone into a Medicine Lodge, no doubt, in that close place, the phenomena would have been very much more remarkable. In 1853 Père Arnaud visited the Nasquapees, and describes a séance. The conjurers shut themselves up in a little lodge, and remain for a few minutes in a pensive attitude, cross-legged. Soon the lodge begins to move like a table turning, and replies by bounds and jumps to the questions which are put to the conjurer. 25 The experiment might be tried with a modern medium.
Father Lejeune, in 1637, gives a case which reminds us of Home. According to Home, and to Mrs. S. C. Hall, and other witnesses, when in power he could not only handle live coals without being burned, but he actually placed a large glowing coal, about the size of a cricket-ball, on the pate of Mr. S. C. Hall, where it shone redly through Mr. Halls white locks, but did him no manner of harm. Now Father Pijart was present, tesmoin oculaire, when a Huron medicine-man heated a stone red hot, put it in his mouth, and ran round the cabin with it, without receiving any harm. Father Brébeuf, afterwards a most heroic martyr, sent the stone to Father Lejeune; it bore the marks of the medicine-mans teeth, though Father Pijart, examining the man, found that lips and tongue had no trace of burn or blister. He reasonably concluded that these things could not be done sans lopêration de quelque Démon. That an excited patient should not feel fire is, perhaps, admissible, but that it should not scorch either Mr. Hall, or Home, or the Huron, is a large demand on our credulity. Still, the evidence in this case (that of Mr. Crookes and Lord Crawford) is much better than usual.
It would be strange if practices analogous to modern table-turning did not exist among savage and barbaric races. Thus Mr. Tylor, in Primitive Culture (ii. 156), quotes a Kutuchtu Lama who mounted a bench, and rode it, as it were, to a tent where the stolen goods were concealed. The bench was believed, by the credulous Mongols, to carry the Lama! Among the Manyanja of Africa thefts are detected by young men holding sticks in their hands. After a sufficient amount of incantation, dancing, and convulsions, the sticks became possessed, the men can hardly hold them, and are dragged after them in the required directions. 26 These examples are analogous to the use of the Divining Rod, which is probably moved unconsciously by honest dowsers; sometimes they believe that they can hardly hold it. These are cases of movement of objects in contact with human muscles, and are therefore not at all mysterious in origin. A regular case of movement without contact was reported from Thibet, by M. Tschérépanoff, in 1855. The modern epidemic of table-turning had set in, when M. Tschérépanoff wrote thus to the Abeille Russe: 27 The Lama can find stolen objects by following a table which flies before him. But the Lama, after being asked to trace an object, requires an interval of some days, before he sets about finding it. When he is ready he sits on the ground, reading a Thibetan book, in front of a small square table, on which he rests his hands. At the end of half an hour he rises and lifts his hands from the surface of the table: presently the table also rises from the ground, and follows the direction of his hand. The Lama elevates his hand above his head, the table reaches the level of his eyes: the Lama walks, the table rushes before him in the air, so rapidly that he can scarcely keep up with its flight. The table then spins round, and falls on the earth, the direction in which it falls, indicates that in which the stolen object is to be sought. M. Tschérépanoff says that he saw the table fly about forty feet, and fall. The stolen object was not immediately discovered, but a Russian peasant, seeing the line which the table took, committed suicide, and the object was found in his hut. The date was 1831. M. Tschérépanoff could not believe his eyes, and searched in vain for an iron wire, or other mechanism, but could find nothing of the sort. This anecdote, if it does not prove a miracle, illustrates a custom. 28
As to clairvoyance among savages, the subject is comparatively familiar. Montezumas priests predicted the arrival of the Spaniards long before the event. On this point, in itself well vouched for, Acosta tells a story which illustrates the identity of the astral body, or double, with the ordinary body. In the witch stories of Increase Mather and others, where the possessed sees the phantasm of the witch, and strikes it, the actual witch proves to be injured. Story leads to story, and Mr. Thomas Hardy somewhere tells one to this effect. A farmers wife, a woman of some education, fell asleep in the afternoon, and dreamed that a neighbour of hers, a woman, was sitting on her chest. She caught at the figures arm in her dream, and woke. Later in the day she met her neighbour, who complained of a pain in the arm, just where the farmers wife seized it in her dream. The place mortified and the poor lady died. To return to Montezuma. An honest labourer was brought before him, who made this very tough statement. He had been carried by an eagle into a cave, where he saw a man in splendid dress sleeping heavily. Beside him stood a burning stick of incense such as the Aztecs used. A voice announced that this sleeper was Montezuma, prophesied his doom, and bade the labourer burn the slumberers face with the flaming incense stick. The labourer reluctantly applied the flame to the royal nose, but he moved not, nor showed any feeling. On this anecdote being related to Montezuma, he looked on his own face in a mirror, and found that he was burned, the which he had not felt till then. 29
On the Coppermine River the medicine-man, according to Hearne, prophesies of travellers, like the Highland second-sighted man, ere they appear. The Finns and Lapps boast of similar powers. Scheffer is copious on the clairvoyant feats of Lapps in trance. The Eskimo Angakut, when bound with their heads between their legs, cause luminous apparitions, just as was done by Mr. Stainton Moses, and by the mediums known to Porphyry and Iamblichus; the Angakut also send their souls on voyages, and behold distant lands. One of the oddest Angekok stories in Rinks Tales and Traditions of the Eskimo (p. 324) tells how some children played at magic, making a dark cabinet, by hanging jackets over the door, to exclude the light. The slabs of the floor were lifted and rushed after them: a case of movement of objects without physical contact. This phenomenon in future attended the young mediums possessions, even when he was away from home. This particular kind of manifestation, so very common in trials for witchcraft, and in modern spiritualistic literature, does not appear to prevail much among savages. Persons otherwise credible and sane tell the authorities of the Psychical Society that, with only three amateurs present, things are thrown about, and objects are brought from places many miles distant, and tossed on the table. These are technically termed apports. The writer knows a case in which this was attested by a witness of the most unimpeachable character. But savages hardly go so far. Bishop Callaway has an instance in which spirits tossed objects into the midst of a Zulu circle, but such things are not usual. Savages also set out food for the dead, but they scarcely attain to the credulity, or are granted the experience, of a writer in the Medium. 30 This astonishing person knew a familiar spirit. At dinner, one day, an empty chair began to move, and in answer to the question whether it would have some dinner, said Yes. It chose croquets de pomme de terre, which were placed on the chair in a spoon, lest the spirit, whose manners were rustic, should break a plate. In a few seconds I was told that it was eaten, and looking, found the half of it gone, with the marks showing the teeth. Perhaps few savages would have told such a tale to a journal which ought to have a large circulation among believers.