The History of almost Everything. Practical guide of the eaters of Time - Lim Word 5 стр.

In the youth of great Rome, (fifth-second century BC), slaves (servus) are quite rare, sometimes they have the status of family members. The second-first centuries BC, the beginning of a new era, are marked by an increase in the number of prisoners of war, as well as debtors from provinces unable to pay a high Roman tax, usurious interest, and also receiving an appropriate stigma. Over time, the ratio of the number of free people to servants in Italy is 2.5: 1, in the whole of Rome about 10: 1, and the situation of the latter is substantially deteriorating. Still, in many cases slaves have a hope of improving their situation, a free certificate from the master, his family name and further, practically unlimited movement on the social ladder. At least two emperors of Rome, at the beginning of their career, were ordinary slaves. Such an institution of ascent allows you to cut off unnecessary national ambitions (i-de marcoman, cimbri, volsk, frank, etc., my tribe is the best, the rest are worthless) and create  a trader, architect, military leader, teacher  patriots of great Rome.

The price of a slave in the first century BC. is 4400 denarii, depending on the degree of success of the last war. At the same time, the daily salary of a legionary is 1 denarius, (otherwise, 4 sesterces or 16 asses at a time), including bonuses; for this amount you can buy 20 loaves of bread, or, at your option, 4 liters of ordinary wine, or a liter of beautiful Falern.

If you count on gold, whose price, as an opportunity to purchase basic material goods, surprisingly, almost unchanged, the soldier earns 35,000 rubles a month (2016).

Gladiator games last until the reign of the last emperor of the integral Roman Empire  Flavius Theodosius (370395). The very institution of slavery comes to naught gradually, with a general softening of the morals of slaveholders and lawyers  usually taking the side of oppressed servs. But, alas, the baton of this low phenomenon is intercepted by serfdom. Under Diocletian (284305) a law is issued, attaching peasants  both colonies (tenants) and landowners, as well as artisans (blacksmiths, merchants) or to the place of residence, or to a certain profession that is now inherited.

2, 2a. Gaius Julius Caesar (Latin Gaius Iulius Caesar), 10044 BC. Ancient Roman statesman, dictator, great pontiff (lit. The builder of bridges), high priest. Representative of the patrician class. In his youth he avoids the unleashed Sulla, the civil war, and also the execution, as a relative of one of the enemies of this dictator. It is not known for certain whether Gaius Julius participated in suppressing the uprising of Spartacus; according to some reports, he, a military tribune (one of six in the legion, ruling for two months), prepared recruits. 63 BC.  thanks to connections, popularity and money, young Caesar becomes a great pontiff. 60 BC.  the creation of a triumvirate (union of three husbands); Pompeii-Crassus-Caesar. 58 BC.  the beginning of the Gali war; it kills about a million Gauls (including civilians). 49 BC.  the beginning of the civil war in ancient Rome; Caesar and ambition, against Pompey and the corrupt Republic. 45 BC.  Battle of Mund (Spain), the hardest of all, conducted by Caesar. The 30,000 rebellious Pompeians are killed, the dictator for the first time in history holds a triumph after the victory of the Romans over the Romans. In the same year on coins for the first time appears the image of a living person  of course, Caesar.

44 BC.  Guia Julia is murdered by conspirators, led by Mark Brutus (possibly the illegitimate son of the dictator), the body burns the people  at the stake from their own mourning clothes, judges chairs, benches, etc., after which the Civil War in a bloodless country flares up with renewed vigor.

2a. Guy Julius Caesar, the only authentic, lifetime sculpture, quite different from the generally accepted images of a relatively young Caesar (2).

3. Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus Augustus, the adopted son of Caesar, his successor, who finally won the Civil War, the first virtual Roman emperor.4. Guy Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (Caligula), 1241 gg. AD, the second emperor, by definition of Lucius Seneca boundless depravity combined with unlimited power. Eight months after the ascension to the throne, the initially peaceful Caligula becomes ill, perhaps encephalitis, having recovered, she becomes an insane dictator. Favorite expression  Let them hate, if only they should be afraid  Oderint, dum metuant (observer, doom mit (y) guy). In 41, the conspirators surround the emperor in one of the underground passages from the theater to the baths. The last thing that Caligula hears  the formula used in the sacrifice  hoc age  Do this (ok aje)  after that gets a sword in the chest from his bodyguard.

Together with Caesar, Praetorians kill his wife and two-year-old daughter.

5. Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus, 3768, the Roman emperor, the last of the Julius-Claudian dynasty, the persecutor of Christians, nicknamed them Antichrist.

6. Flavius Aetius, commander of the Western Roman Empire, 390454, according to historians-contemporaries The Last (Great) Roman. The winner of Atilla in a two-day battle at the Cataluun Fields, in 451 (180,000 killed on both sides). Three years later, the Emperor Valentinian the Third, fearing the ambitions of his best diplomat and commander (he wants to extradite his daughter for the son of the ruler), kills Aetius right in the palace, at the audience. A year later, Rome, the former great capital, is captured and robbed by vandals (Vends). Twenty years later, the entire Western Roman Empire is fragmented into a number of barbarian kingdoms.

7. Roman legion (legionis  military collection) of the heyday of the Empire. Modern reconstruction. The army consists of 57 thousand, later about 4,5 thousand infantry and auxiliary units. Heavy cavalry (equities)  300 people, divided into divisions (turmas) for 30 people. Archers  200 people; They act from the flanks, releasing arrows along the line of raised shields. Great  from the lat. velox  fast  several hundred fighters  irregular infantry, usually recruited from local allied tribes, or the youngest legionaries. Armament is a round shield, with a diameter of 90 cm, a Parma, a helmet, several darters of the Gasta velitaris, a length (with an iron tip of 30 cm) 120 cm and a short (50 cm.) Roman sword  gladius. The highest glamor of a daring warrior is a wolfs hide over his helmet. The main defense against arrows, and other weapons  their own agility. In a free, open formation, evading enemy jets with jumps, they are ordered to throw their spears into the formation of the enemy and quickly retreat for the ranks of the heavily armed infantry.

The first line, in fact, built for the battle of the legion  hastati (Roman hastati, spearmen), soldiers aged 2025 years, who so need combat experience. Arms  chain mail, or, in the era of the Empire  plate armor, rectangular shield scoot, sword of gladia, dagger pugio, two two-meter dart  piluma.

The second line is principles, (Latin princeps  the first). Warriors in the prime of life, 2535, sometimes 40 years. Giving the young men the opportunity to gain experience, they let the gastata into the intervals between maniples and continue the battle to the victorious end.

On the third line there are triarius (triarius, lat. Third) soldiers of 4045 years old, veterans, the main reserve of the legion. Their main armament is long percussion javelins.

On the third line there are triarius (triarius, lat. Third) soldiers of 4045 years old, veterans, the main reserve of the legion. Their main armament is long percussion javelins.

The army is governed by six tribunes (peoples representatives) and, as a rule, a representative of the tribal aristocracy  the legate.

The Legion in the Republic epoch consists of 30 manipuli (handful or hand), two centurions (centum  one hundred) in each. Despite the name, the century has 60 to 120 people. Manipuls are combined into ten cohorts (Latin cohors, fenced place) for 360 people. One of the cohorts (First) is considered praetorian, elite, has a doubled composition.

During the time of the Empire, the manipulation of the tactical unit disappears, leaving a cohort of 6 centurions.

Turned out of the marching legion follows the battlefield with a complex system  manipuli or centurions, staggered. So its easier to move around on rough terrain. Then squares composed of fighters are converted into three lines. Brothers toss the pilus, sometimes turning the enemy to flee this one with a dagger volley, close shields and draw swords

8. Classic armor of the Roman legionary of the era of the heyday of the Empire Segment of the Segment. The picture is redrawn from the illustration of the book of the Italian historian Peter Konolli, a professional artist, for the authors article in the childrens magazine Lefty.

9.10. Contours of details, fastenings and decorative elements, made on own reconstruction Segmental Segments. The size of the cage in the figure of armor of 15 mm., Decorative elements and fasteners (including the belt balteus not shown here) is 4 mm. Shoulder plates are fastened with folding hinges with figured overlays. The parts are jointed by screws 3 mm, and, after fitting  with rivets.

1  a strap for the front strap, 2  a circle for the decorative element (8), 3,4  straps for the fastening straps, 5  the arrow for the apron (4), 6  the apron badge (40), 7  the lower badge of the apron (4 ), 8  plates that cover the belt of the belt (12), 9  fastenings on the plates 14 and 15, at an angle (6), 10  elements of the joints of the shoulder and waist parts of the armor: wire hooks on top of them, 11  fasteners on the plates 16 and 17, and below, except for the lower two rows (16), 12  skipping, illustrator error, 13  looping (16), 14  front loop for the hook of the waist part of the armor (2), back hook loop (4).

Inca, Maya, Aztecs

The names of these peoples, the locations of their states are often confused. Historians, despite their neighborhood, believe that they developed completely independently.

The Incas. The state is Tawantisuyu. The west coast of South America, starting from the northern territories of modern Chile up. One thousand two hundred years BC.  the first ruler of Manko Kapaka, the latter, who led the revolt against the Spaniards  Tupac Omar (15701572). The Inca banner was like a rainbow. There is no monetary system, the benefits are distributed according to the established order.

Aztecs (the name of the mezika, hence the current Mexico). They came to the south of Mexico from the North of the continent, in the thirteenth century. The Aztecs (North American Indians are not at all savages like the colonialists-Europeans) built Tenochtitlan, the future Mexico City on a kite-ridden island, became rulers of local tribes. But in 1519 the Aztecs saw the Spaniards, and six years later their empire ceased to exist. Presumably, by this time the Indians were 95% chopped smallpox and chickenpox imported by Columbus in 1492, and spread to both continents. A huge, equal in culture to Egypt, an unknown, literally Martian world, moved to the region of legends.

For a warrior and a priest it is quite permissible to consider writing, at leisure, sublime verse. Listen to three excerpts of the authors hymns of the ethno-linguistic group Nahua  to which our Aztecs also belong:

(author Ayokuan Kuezpaltsin)

(The Song of the Old Men, the author of the warrior Aishakatl)

(Temilocin from Tlatelolco)

Mayan. The territory is slightly to the south of future Aztec possessions. The beginning of civilization  a thousand years BC. e. By the ninth century, the Maya society is in decline, the cause of which, as follows from the conclusions of geologists, is the long-term drought caused by the change in ocean currents. Remained truncated pyramid temples, a complex irrigation system and a perfect calendar.

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1. The city of Incas, Machu Picchu, the territory of modern Peru, the height of the location is 2.5 km. Typical polygonal masonry  stones of different shapes are precisely adjusted to each other, like puzzles or mosaic. The Incas also built pyramids, but, these temples never reached the splendor of similar Mayan buildings.

2. One of the many Mayan pyramids, in present-day Mexico. Apparently, initially they were not meant for committing bloody rituals. However, the Aztecs who came to these lands used them (as claimed by the Spaniards) for the mass executions of prisoners of war, the broadcast of horror throughout the range of habitats.

3. For comparison  the classical Egyptian pyramid of Cheops (Khufu). The name pyramid  from the Greek word combination fire inside. What is this fire, and why he was needed inside this cult, the building, we do not know. In ancient times, the Egyptian pyramids were surrounded by walls, and located, apparently, in the middle of an artificial lake.

4. Angkor (Angko-Khmer, City of Capitals), the territory of present-day Cambodia. It was built in the beginning of the 9th c. AD, existed as a settlement until the 15th century. The largest city in the world in the Middle Ages (and now, in size, comparable only to American Los Angeles), covers an area of 24 by 8 km. 200 sq. M. km., or even, according to some modern studies, 3000 square meters. km.