The meaning of the last words is the rejection of other beliefs in the same spirit, from the multitude of other preachers who preach their teachings in pre-Islamic times, and so interfere with each other.
1) Pond for bathing before prayer (prayer).
2) The main prayer hall (for men). Ahead are the venerable elders, then to the entrance middle-aged people and youth. The floors are carpeted. On the walls are excerpts from the Koran. Images of living beings are forbidden. Namaz includes waist and earthly obeisances (sitting on the knees), praising Allah (Allahu Akbar), lifting palms to the sky, while the thumbs touch the earlobes, reading the suras of the Koran
3) For women, a separate room is set up, or a balcony with an opaque curtain.
4) Minbar tribune, the department with which the imam reads Fridays sermon. The Imam the one who lies ahead, the one who leads the prayer is also an example for imitation a clergyman who manages the mosque, which produces common prayers and tribes.
Trebas are sacred actions and prayers, performed by a priest at the request (request, order) of individual parishioners.
Imam in prayer can be any worthy Muslim who knows the Koran well, regardless of his social status. In Turkey, the imams are elected by parishioners, and (secular) authorities claim. This service (usually without interruption from the conduct of any other activity, which gives daily bread) promotes the multilateral development of man. Imams are often teachers (mentors), interlocutors, writers, etc.
In Shiites, the imam (the supreme imam), who has the right to interpret the Koran and guide believers, can only be (blood) heirs of the cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet, Abu Talib. Small Imams, ie, in the Sunni tradition, imams are appointed fuqaha (people who have a special theological education for service in the mosque). Hereditary right and appointment instead of elections are practiced, first of all, in Iraq, among Shiites, and also part of Saudi Arabia.
Mulla is a connoisseur of the Muslim ritual, the teacher of the madrasah and, also, the imam.
Muezzin (screaming in public) is an assistant to the Imam. Being on a high minaret, the muezzin calls on Muslims to perform compulsory prayer.
Kadi has the status above the imam of the mosque, and is the head of the Muslims of the city or region. In addition to worship, the kadi deals with litigation, family conflicts, the investigation of various kinds of crimes, and the punishment of the perpetrators. Kadi may be elected, or appointed, depending on the specifics of the state.
5. Mihrab. The niche in the wall of the mosque, indicating the direction to Mecca, giving the impression of an infinite deepening, serving as a focal point of the views of the parishioners. Usually the mihrab is richly decorated, well lit, has two columns and an arch. In the very hollow, he has the right to perform prayer, first of all, the imam.
6. Minaret (the Arab manara), a high narrow tower for the call of Muslims for prayer. Early minarets have a circular staircase from the outside, more modern ones inside.
7. Park with ponds (fountains) for rest, a frequent addition to the mosque.
Confucianism in Chinese is called Pinyin, the School of Educated People, and does not contain the name of the founder, philosopher and politician of Confucius, that is, Kun-Fu-tzu (the real name is Teachers of the Kun clan Zhong-ni, 551479 BC). Several secondary Pentateuch, written on fragments of memories that survived the most severe persecutions in the reign of Qin Shi Huangdi, scientists contains descriptions of the rites of veneration of ancestors, temples created in their honor, morals, the history of a fictional ideal country. In general, the idea of the One Creator (Great Sky), hell, paradise, immortality of the soul is present, but not explicitly expressed. Heaven is seen as a resonator, a source of moral senses, reacting to the behavior of people and sending them signs. In a sense, Confucianism coincides with the Chinese peoples religion (also Pinyin), numbering more than 500 million followers. After Heaven, an important component here is the Qi-like energy, as well as the reality of the souls of the ancestors (who, under certain conditions, can be heeded).
Hinduism, although it was recognized in many European countries and the United States, as an unusual course of psychotherapy, is still localized primarily in native India. There, in fact, this complex of philosophical ideas, ethical norms, traditions is called (in Sanskrit, the ancient language of the higher caste), Sanatana-Dharma (Eternal Law). The sacred texts the Vedas, the Upanishads, the epics of the Ramayana and the Mahabharata, like the set of books of the Old Testament in many respects (albeit much less realistically) reflect the history of the formation of the universe, and of the native country. With some caution, as the supreme God of Hinduism, one can define the concept of Brahman (originally Prayer), the soul of the world, the primordial nature of things and phenomena. He can be worshiped as any form that the individual imagines in his mind. Supporters of Vaishnavism serve the Absolute in the guise (avatar) of the Vishnu-Keeper of the Universe, and also whether it is more understandable, humanlike and active reflections Krishna and Rama. Shivaites worship Shiva, the essence of the static male origin of the universe, the creator of rebirth, sometimes destructive. The general meaning of service, observance of accepted norms merging with the Absolute, while preserving, however, and some of its individual beginning, the improvement of personal status, including material, with each subsequent rebirth. Brahma (Brahma) the god of creation, you can say, is the first among equals, together with Shiva and Vishnu is Trimurti (triad), in fact, the spiritual beginning of the All Brahman.
Buddhism also claims to be a world religion, a very controversial, but all the more worrying, mind of the continuation of Hinduism. The founder is the Buddha Shakyamuni, ie, in Sanskrit, the Awakened Sage (623 543 BC). Actually, the buddhas before Shakyamuni, according to sources, there are several, but he is the most famous. The future awakened Teacher of mankind, under the guidance of which people will lead exclusively a holy life Maitreya (Skt. Loving, Benevolent). The main idea is non-resistance to evil by violence, passive resistance to adversity, acceptance of the world as it is. Because of this behavior, the higher rational being (that is, the Buddhist monk, who received the higher enlightenment in the cycle of his rebirths) must leave the system of the world, more precisely, the captivity of his consciousness, which created such a mosaic image of him. No gods, One Mind, Paradise, Hell, as a natural area of attraction of a religious ascetic, Buddhism does not presuppose (although it does not deny their very existence). The only goal is the fading of the candle of consciousness, nirvana in spirit, and not the body (paranirvana), total and final death.
Shamanism, although not a recognized world religion, was once distributed throughout the Earth. Now it is localized in some tribes of South, North America, Africa, Southeast Asia, Siberia and the Far East. The origin of the term, perhaps, from the Sanskrit scraman (śramaa) is a wandering hermit, an ascetic ascetic. The second version is the Tungusic-Manchurian Sam-man, that is, the lover of knowledge. The shaman introduces himself into trance by tambourine strikes, dances, special singing, and lays for a long time, not reacting to external influences. In an anxious dream, traveling on the branches or roots of the archetypal World Tree, he visits the middle, higher, or lower worlds. Higher are inhabited by enlightened good essences, the lowest by evil creatures. Schemes of other worlds are very individual, therefore can not be reduced to a common, acceptable for the creation of a classical religion, a picture.
One of the varieties of shamanism is voodoo (Voodoo). Basic beliefs the world is inhabited by a multitude of spirits, loa (from the French loi law), which can be contacted, and receive some help. Sacrifices are laid out on the altar (sweets, alcohol, killed animals, priest) (a hungan, a mambo (woman)), enters into a trance, opens a conversation with the other world, such cults are untied from high morality, are based on the principle of simple trade: you to me, and I to you. Traditional world religions affirm the possibility of having a temporary distance between the act of man and retribution. A believer can endure life all his life, while diligently complying with moral norms and not gain material prosperity. The award is given in Heaven.
Not everything is so straightforward. Working people, patience, patient, loving each other, and Gods, parishioners, as a rule, achieve success in their earthly existence. You can compare the standard of living in, built on the Christian principles of Europe and the United States, and, lets put the Voodoo Haiti, whose inhabitants demand everything at once there is a difference.
European Middle Ages
With the beginning of the Middle Ages, some historians associate changes in the calendar, up to the removal of three centuries from it. It is not so difficult to do this only the monks could write and read, as well as some responsible persons under the kings. There was a ringing of swords everywhere the people of philosophy did not indulge. In the seventh century there was only a little to correct the common, complex and incomprehensible Roman figures. So it is or not, it is still unknown, but it is clear that from the middle of the sixth century to the beginning of the tenth, there is a void in the calendar.
The Eastern Roman Empire flourishes until the thirteenth century, but history and development disappear in it, so that even the laziness of leafing through the biographies of its emperors is marked by provocations prepared for competitors rather than by great, if not always plausible, accomplishments.
At what time and where would you like to go? Ashur? Sparta? Ancient Rome? Where would be nice to your heart, what era will fill life with a special new meaning? Talk about the Time Machine is not at all empty. It, to some extent, already exists, it can be created but for this people should have a conscious aspiration. The person has planned a carpet-plane, a magic mirror, means of air transport and communications have appeared strictly according to these wishes. For any need necessarily there are methods of its implementation. But, it is necessary to prepare the soil. Express an urgent need for such a journey. Preliminary study of the subject of dreams.
People, that is, we, must remember and voice all the ancient languages. At one time I did a lot of work, finding in Wikipedia and other sections of the Internet samples of the sound of ancient words, texts with Russian transcription. Alas, there were usually textbooks and dictionaries for specialists, with numerous rules of conjugation, arranging the endings, syllabograms, and the most necessary and simple things were not found. I do not like the desire of some authors, at all costs get money for their research. Its very specific texts should be given, so that they are read by someone, rather than trying to get hold of.
Something was found. The Babylonian (Akkadian) language is very soft, affectionate, a kind of analogue of the present French, rightly revered by the language of love. Unlike, for example, the Old Assyrian language terribly squeaky, hard, I would say, bony. So the ruler of Mordor, the Dark Lord could speak from the epic Tolkien.
Latin is wonderful. Unfortunately, again, there is no Russian transcription, even the most popular sayings. Authors writing about Medieval Europe, cramming in Latin on behalf of their learned husbands, disdain to give an example of their sounding in Russian. The hint that what they say, it would be nice to do so for the convenience of the reader, causes rejection. In order to get some idea of Latin, you can use a Google translator: this resource is able not only to translate, but also to sound, though without any expression.
Ave, Caesar, morituri te salutant Ave Caesar, moritouri de salutant Caesar, going to death, greet you!
Ave ac vale Ave az (and) viale Hello and goodbye.
Avibus bonis Avibus bonis In a good way (with good omens).
Bacchum Nymphis temperare Bakum (a) him (y) fis tempera Dilute wine with water.
Barba non facit philosophum Barbara non fatip philosopher Beard does not make a philosopher.
In nominee Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Amen. In the name of Patrice, this filly at Spiritus Sancti. Amen. In the name of the Father and the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen.
Beati pauperes spiritu Beati pauperis (e) spirit Blessed are the poor in spirit
Beati possidentes Beati posside (s) ntis Happy possessing
Bellum internecivum Bellum internet (i) vum War before extermination
Bellum omnium contra omnes Bellum omnium contra omnis War of all against all
Bona fama divitiis est potior Bona fama divitis est pot (and) or Good fame is better than money
Bono sensu Bono senseu In a good way
Bonus ver semper tiro est Bonus of the faith semper tiro est A decent person is always a beginner (its easier to hold an honest one).
Bruta fulmina Bruta fulmina Empty Threats
Cadit quaestio Quidstill quid the question disappears
Caritas omnia credit Caritas Omnia loan Love for all believes
Caro est qui securis est Caru est qui securis est Who is with an ax, thats with meat
Carpe diem Carpe diem Catch the day (time)
Casus incurabilis Incasibillis incidents Incurable case
Causa bibendi Causa bibendi the reason for drinking (celebration)
Causa finita est Causa finita est The question is settled
Causa justa Causa Justa A good reason
Censor morum Censor morum Warden of morals
Ceterum censeo Chetverum chenseo For all that, I think
Cognatio spiritualis Conniato Spiritualis Spiritual affinity
Damnatus est Domnatus est Found guilty
Debes, ergo potes Deibes, ergo poses Must, then you can
Deus conservat omnia Deus conservativ omnia God preserves everything
Dictum factum Dictum Factum Said-done
Dura lex sed lex Dura lex, sad leks Surov law, but the law
Dignus est intrare Dignews es intrate Worthy to enter
Est deus in nobis Est deus in noobis God in us
If you want to get into some country, the situation, the circle of communication, the layer of Time, you need to surround yourself with things corresponding to them. And, even, put them in yourself; knowledge of languages, and cuisine will help.
Unfortunately, there are no restaurants of ancient recipes, I would have found the time to go there to try the Time itself for a taste. Cooking yourself? I was able to produce the likeness of the Lucas sausages, mentioned by Arbiter Petronius in the Satyricon. Dry sausage, crushed, filled with soy sauce, imitating an ancient sauce, created not from rotten rice, but rotting fish. Thats all. You can also add onions and peppers.
To get the famous Mulsum, he is drunk in the TV series Spartacus. Gods of the Arena, you need to mix the wine with honey in proportion from one fourth to the tenth. It is useful to reheat a little, for example, in a microwave oven, adding ginger, cloves and, or cinnamon. This is not mulled wine. This method allows even a cheap packet wine to get a pleasant, softening heart drink.