According to the plan of the legislators, the powers of group A transferred to the Faroes at once; however, if the latter were not able to finance all expenses for the adoption and implementation of a particular sphere, then they were transferred to the authorities of the Faroe Islands later to their application. Among the issues mentioned there were the following:
organization of elections to the Parliament of the Faroe Islands;
organization of work of the Parliament of the Faroe Islands;
the formation and organization of the work of the government of the Faroe Islands;
the functioning of the service in the bodies of autonomy;
organization of municipal government;
organization of public works;
fire and rescue services;
local development planning;
housing policy and registration of property rights;
organization of health care;
social insurance, social assistance and guardianship;
labour organization;
local taxation and budgeting;
education, including higher education;
organization of archival, museum, library business;
protection of the natural and architectural environment;
a system of transport and communications, including postal and telephone communication;
all issues of agriculture and forestry, hunting and fishing, veterinary affairs;
use of toxic items, explosives and weapons;
organization and licensing of the sphere of trade, production and services.
Issues of category B included areas that could be delegated to the authorities of the Faroe Islands in whole or in part only after the relevant consent of the Government of Denmark. In fact, all the public issues on which during the negotiations in 1948 the delegation of the Faroe Islands did not find their consent with the state authorities and entered the list B. At the time of the adoption of the Act of Autonomy of the Faroe Islands, they were:
church affairs;
police;
radio communication;
aviation communication;
use of subsoil and other natural resources;
land fund;
Immigration and customs control.
Currently, all issues from this list are under the authority of the autonomy, although the transfer was of a lengthy nature. In particular, the use of subsoil and other natural resources transferred to the Faroe Islands only in 1992. Calling for this numerous conflicts between the central government and autonomous bodies, and the issue of immigration control in 2005 [6].
Located in the Northeast Atlantic, the Faroe Islands comprise 18 small islands, characterized by steep cliffs, tall mountains, narrow fjords and a population of 50.000.
The Faroese language derives from Old Norse, which was spoken by the Norsemen who settled the islands 1200 years ago.
Through the centuries, the Faroese have defied the harsh nature and living conditions. Enduring today is a nation in which the living standard is one of the highest in the world. A highly industrial economy mainly based on fisheries and aquaculture continues to flourish, while a Nordic welfare model ensures everyone the opportunity to explore his or her own potential. Faroese maritime expertise is widely renowned and the Faroe Islands export seafood to all six continents.
Centuries of relative isolation have resulted in the preservation of ancient traditions that to this day shape life in the Faroe Islands. The unique mixture of traditional and modern culture characterizes the Faroese society, constituting a strong sense of local community and an active outlook as a globalized Nordic nation [10]. Of great importance to them is the realization of their identity, which is realizing through the recognition and preservation of Faroese language, as the main tool in understanding this identity.
In the institutional model of the Faroese autonomy, the principle of separation of powers is laid. The executive functions are concentrated in the government, to which all the administrative autonomy bodies subordinated. The Government of the Faroe Islands consists of a Prime Minister and at least two ministers. The Prime Minister determines the number of ministers and their functional orientation.
The prime minister is the key person in the political mechanism for the autonomy of the Faroe Islands. The Prime Minister is appointed by the Parliament.
The result of the broad competence of the Faroe Islands in various spheres of public life was the formation of its financial autonomy. In accordance with the current legislation, the Faroes have their own currency, customs, tax and excise territory. This allows them not only to form own customs tariff and carry out independent taxation as well as the collection of excises, but also to issue own currency Faroese krone, which is equated to the Danish krone.
The main source of income for the Faroe Islands is the tax and value added tax. In addition, a significant portion of the budget generated by licenses granted to foreign companies to fish in the economic zone of the Faroe Islands. In order to attract foreign investment, unlike Denmark, there is no property tax on the islands. In 2010, the budget of the Faroe Islands was about $ 600 million.
The main link representing the central government of Denmark at the level of autonomy is the institution of the High Commissioner of the Royal Power. It obeys the Prime Minister of Denmark and performs almost exclusively an observational function. In particular, it participates in a meeting of the Faroese Parliament with the right to speak, is involved in negotiations between the governments of the Faroe Islands and Denmark and informs the Government of Denmark about the adoption by the Parliament of the Faroe Islands of laws and government acts. The High Commissioner also provides elections to the Danish Parliament and nationwide referendums in the Faroe Islands, participates in arranging visits to the Faroe Islands of the royal family, members of the Danish parliament and government, and prepares annual reports on the situation in the autonomy.
According to the Act on the Self-Government of the Faroe Islands, the responsibility for international relations lies with the central government of Denmark. International treaties concluded by Denmark without reservation for the Faroe Islands, automatically extend their effect to the Faroe Islands. What often becomes another reason for separatist sentiment? In particular, the signing of Denmark in 1994. The World Trade Organization Agreement provides that the Faeroes, as an integral part of the Kingdom of Denmark, enjoy the rights and responsibilities that apply to Denmark as a whole. As a result, the norms of the WTO agreement incorporated into the domestic legislation of the Faroe Islands. On the other hand, the Danish government, when signing relevant international agreements, may provide for reservations about the Faroe Islands. Thus, upon Denmarks accession to the European Union in 1973, the relevant accession agreement contained a special warning on the Faroe Islands, which were the result of a referendum held in 1972 on the Faeroes. Because of this, the Faroese autonomy is not part of the EU and is not covered by it, for example, the EU quota system for fishing. Faroes independently conclude agreements on fishing quotas within their exclusive economic zone [9].
Under such conditions, the basic guarantees of the existence of the autonomy of the Faroe Islands are in the political sphere. The political and legal regime of the Kingdom of Denmark, based on the principles of separation of powers, the division of issues of local and national importance, democracy, political and ideological diversity, the completeness and guarantee of basic human rights and freedoms, the independence of self-government bodies within their powers etc. are a reliable guarantee of the irreversibility of the status of the Faeroes autonomy. Under such conditions, it seems that the level of autonomy obtained cannot be removed unilaterally, because this will be considered as a violation of the rights and freedoms.
Under such conditions, the basic guarantees of the existence of the autonomy of the Faroe Islands are in the political sphere. The political and legal regime of the Kingdom of Denmark, based on the principles of separation of powers, the division of issues of local and national importance, democracy, political and ideological diversity, the completeness and guarantee of basic human rights and freedoms, the independence of self-government bodies within their powers etc. are a reliable guarantee of the irreversibility of the status of the Faeroes autonomy. Under such conditions, it seems that the level of autonomy obtained cannot be removed unilaterally, because this will be considered as a violation of the rights and freedoms.
Conclusion
The analysis of the development of the autonomy of the Faroe Islands suggests that it arose because of the growth of separatism and due to tolerance on the part of Denmark. The peace has been preserving thanks to the creation of sufficiently effective mechanisms of public administration in this territorial unit of Denmark. The fact that unionists and separatists quite peacefully and in a businesslike manner form such a left-liberal coalition at the level of the island region is a rather interesting thing. Moreover, it definitely shows that the question of the early separation from Denmark from Farer hardly stands in the foreground.
Therefore, it remains a mystery what for the Faroe Islands is more important: the pride or well-being of its citizens? We will not get an answer to this question soon, but the real strength of the supporters of independence (even with all their ideological and political multicolor) is beyond doubt. Therefore, it is not possible to speak about any predetermination in this Faroese case.
References
1. Tsebenko O. Forms of manifestation of separatism: the theoretical and methodological aspect / A. Tsebenko // National idea: realities and development prospects. 2014. 26. With.4451.
2. Debes Н. The formation of a Nation: The Faroe Islands / Н. Debes // Ethnicity and Nation Building in the Nordic World [Text]. London, 1995. P. 5871.
3. Gordonh David, ed. Secession, State, and Liberty [Text]. London, 2002. 334 p.
4. Jan E. The Paradox of Federalism: Does Self-Rule Accommodate or Exacerbate Ethnic Divisions? [Internet source] / E. Jan, A. Lawrence. Accessed: https://bit.ly/2A506yD
5. Joensen J. Higher Education in the Faroe Islands /J. Joensen // Nordic Journal of International Law [Text]. 1988. Vol. 57. P. 300309
6. Olafsson A. Note on the Faroe Islands Home Rule Case / А. Olafsson // Local self-government, territorial integrity [Text]. Council of Europe, 1996. P. 98109.
7. Poulsen H. Self-Government and Natural Resources The Faroese Case / H. Poulsen / Nordic Journal of International Law [Text]. 1988. Vol. 57. P. 335343.
8. West John F. The History of the Faroe Islands, 1709- 1816 [Text] / John F. est. København: CA Reitzel, 1985. 312 p.
9. Wylie J. The Faroe Islands Interpretations of History [Text] / J. Wylie. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1987. 196 p.
10. Føroyar The Faroe Islands. The official gateway to the Faroe Islands [Internet source]. Retrieved from: https://www.faroeislands.fo (Accessed date: 14.09.2018).
DANISH PEACEMAKING
Adelina Antipova, 3rd year student of the faculty of Management and economics, Institute of World Civilizations, Moscow
Abstract:This article describes one of the key aspects of Denmarks foreign policy supporting relations with other states as an independent sovereign state. The task to go over the influence of international peacekeeping on the state itself and its position in the European Union is considered to be the beginning of the policy the Danish kingdom nowadays. The article presents the main provisions on the topic based on the analysis of literature and Internet sources.
Keywords: Denmark, UN, NATO, foreign policy, international peacekeeping, unitary state, Europe, military personnel, operations, Danish peacekeeping, blue helmets.
Introduction
The Danish kingdom is a sovereign unitary state. However, such regions of Denmark as the Faroe Islands and Greenland are the possessions of the Danish monarchy only from the 18th century and have their own cultural and historical identity [4]. Therefore, they have extensive autonomy and local government has broad legislative and administrative full powers.
Denmarks foreign policy is based on identifying the country as a sovereign nation of Europe. Based on the foregoing, the main criterion for foreign policy is supporting relations with the other countries as the independent sovereign states. This role stipulates equal negotiations with other states which allows to be members of the United Nations (further UN) and enter international economic and political organizations. Denmark has a positive reputation in terms of relations with the other countries. It actively participated in the direction and coordination of Western assistance to the Baltic countries. As part of the UN Protection, Denmark has participated and still participates today in the territory of the former Yugoslavia. Denmark also pursues foreign policy regarding human rights, democracy and other human values, and is an active participant in international peacemaking.
International peacemaking
This is the method that allows and directs various regions to agreements and permission of the intentions of the war or its termination, is called peacemaking. The founder of the method is the UN UN peacekeeping forces as armed forces of countries.
Initially it was assumed that these operations would be conducted with respect to enforce cease-fire and separation of opposing sides after interstate wars [6]. However, hereinafter according to the UN Charter, the function of eliminating threats of peace and secure conflict resolutions is also included into international peacemaking.
Peacekeeping is carried out in a safe way by joint coercive actions regarding an object that threatens the world [6]. The list of methods, tools and tools includes (for VI and VII chapters of the UN Charter):
Peaceful means such as negotiations, establishing facts, arbitration etc.
Traditional operations, serving in the role of paramilitary means.
Coercive means, nonmilitary, such as legal, economic and other sanctions [5].
Powers, including decisions on funding, creation, composition belongs to the UN Council. International peacemaking acts as a function of the third role in social activities, which is aimed at war. In the history of the League of Nations managed to resolve and prevent more than 70 political conflicts.
It is worth pointing out a moment of voluntary provision of service troops by UN states-members. This means that the UN does not have a permanent international contingent neither military nor police [5].
Denmark and international peacemaking
Denmark puts emphasis on such an aspect as the countrys authority in the international arena and its influence on all processes occurring on the European continent. It should be noted that the state of the national armed forces and their participation in international peacekeeping is one of the determining criteria of this factor. However, in 1949, when Denmark joined the bloc of the founding countries of NATO, it stated that it was not ready to place military bases and weapons on the territory of the state during peacetime [2]. The emphasis was also placed on limiting the military activities of other states on Bornholm. It should be noted that this information does not apply to such regions as Greenland and the Faroe Islands.