The Soccer Coach - Marco Bruno 4 стр.

Let's analyze what are the skills to be developed in the young athlete

Neutral capacity

Aerobic resistance

It is possible to develop it from pre-school age to be continued in the subsequent evolutionary stages, until reaching the period of "thrust" puberty that according to current knowledge seems to be the most favorable.

Early capacities

 Coordinative

 Rapid reaction and motor frequency

 Articular mobility

 Motor learning (with learning tasks that do not require high assumptions of maximum force or relative force),

Intermediate capacities

Toward the end of the primary school period and throughout the first pubertal phase, they should be considered with increasing attention:

 Articular mobility

 Quick force

 Force resistance (in natural load)

 Speed of movement, of locomotion and acceleration,

Late capacity

 Maximum force

 Anaerobic resistance

 Quick force against oppositions

 Resistance to force against oppositions.

Growth, development and maturation are terms that describe the changes that occur in the body until reaching adulthood:

 Growth refers to an increase in the overall size of the organism or any part of the body.

 Development refers to the differentiation of cells following functional specialization lines and the skills achieved in dealing with situations (skills, abilities, personality).

 Maturation refers to the process of achieving the biological condition of adulthood and complete functionality; takes place in a long time, refers to:

- chronological age;

- skeletal age;

- state of sexual maturation. Physiological maturity in girls occurs 2-3 years earlier than boys.

Synthetically the indicators useful for determining the growth of the young are:

Growth Body size

Development Acquired skills

Maturation Biological conditions

Specialists in the growth and development sector have spent a lot of time studying the changes in stature and weight that accompany growth. Growth in height is very rapid in the first two years of life,

At 2 years the child reaches 50% of his height as an adult. The rate of growth is then much slower in childhood, but just before puberty the stature increases dramatically,

the peak of the growth rate occurs:

- about 11,4 years for girls;

- about 13,4 years for boys;

the achievement of the final height occurs:

- about 16-17 years for girls;

- about 18-20 years for boys;

The peak of body weight increase occurs:

- about 12.5 years for girls;

- about 14,5 years for boys;

Bones, joints, cartilages and ligaments form the support of the body structure; bones provide muscle insertion points, protect delicate tissues and represent calcium and phosphorus deposits. Between 14 and 22 years membranes and cartilages are transformed into bone. In an equally long time, between 13 and 20 years, the complete ossification of the different bones takes place. The prepubescent age is the most suitable for strengthening the bones in response to the stimulus of physical activity.

Muscle mass increases regularly from birth to adolescence following weight gain. The girls reach the maximum of muscle development between 16 and 20 years, boys between 18 and 25.

But we will talk about all these topics in a more specific way when we deal with the various motor skills.

For information, I report two graphs on the frequency of injuries to the back and knees in the young age caused by inadequate training. Age between 10 and 18 years

PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TRAINING

The physical condition

The human organism can increase its functional capacities to a considerable extent through the physiological process of training.

When our body is subjected to a physical exercise of certain intensity, reactions immediately occur:

- increase in heart beats;

- increase in respiratory rhythm;

- increase in depth of breaths;

- increase of secretion of sweat.

These reactions occur regardless of the physical condition of the subject even if the latter can determine the behavior and the entity. These are temporary changes because as soon as physical exercise ceases, these changes also regress and in a short time the body returns to its normal state. The time frame for returning to normal is usually shorter, the higher the condition of the individual.

The term physical condition indicates the particular state for which the athlete is in the best disposition, from a physical point of view, to perform a specific performance.

One of the typical manifestations of physical condition is the removal of the fatigue threshold.

What is fatigue? What is the fatigue threshold?

By fatigue we mean the diminution of the functional power of an organ, or of the whole organism, due to an excess of work.

The fatigue threshold represents the demarcation limit between complete efficiency and the beginning of the decline in functional power.

The training through multiple activities aims to achieve an improvement in performance and to remove the moment of the onset of fatigue.

In practice, training manifests itself as a systematic and rational repetition of certain movements and behaviors with the aim of obtaining a performance improvement.

The structural and functional changes that occur in our body because of training, have a close relationship with the type of motor performance that has caused them: every form of movement corresponds to a type of adaptation.

In practice it happens that in the phases immediately following the physical effort, the organic and muscular structures urged to produce and support it, are not limited to overcoming the fatigue situation with a return to normal conditions, but have a reconstructive reaction that leads them to overcome the situation before stimulation.

These moments of supercompensation have a limited duration and progressively returns to the normal situation.

It is necessary to provoke other situations of supercompensation before the previous ones are completely exhausted, that is to say a summation of the training action(Matwejew, 1972).

The repetition of these stressful situations will cause the gradual adjustment of athletic abilities, putting the body in a position to overcome workloads with less accumulation of fatigue, or to express higher and higher performances. Supercompensation should not be understood from a physiological point of view but only as an improvement in the accumulation of glycogen.

The larger the glucose stores (glycogen stores) in the soccer's muscle, later he will feel tired and the longer he will maintain the ability to do a very high intensity job

(Cogan Coyle, 1989).

The basic element of soccer performance in terms of energy use and consumption is the running action.

The specialists were concerned to detect what runs the amateur soccer player during a match; in general it has been verified that this run amounts to about 8,000 meters. This would not even represent a mid-level athletic performance, if referring exclusively to the total competition time (90).

A careful analysis of the workload, shows that within this distance are carried out:

- sprints;

- arrests and braking;

- changes of direction;

- ball controls;

- contrasts with opponents.

In other words, the soccer game is a succession of different performance for intensity type according to the games development and occurs within a specified period of time. Any combination of soccer performance with those of other disciplines (e.g. athletics) is really arbitrary and wrong. The soccer player from an athletic point of view is to be considered just a player and that's it. The 8,000 meters of the player's run are divided as follows:

- walk about 20% (~1.600 meters);

- slow running about 35% (~2.800 meters);

- reaches 25% (~2.000 meters);

- sprint 15% (~1.200 meters);

- backwards running about 5% (~400 meters);

Midfielders usually run higher distances than defenders and forwards. The amounts of running and the type of gait vary a lot from role to role and in the role itself in relation to the physical-athletic characteristics and above all the player's characteristics.

The distances run at maximum speed vary from 3/4 meters up to 25/30 meters, the most frequent are 10/15 meters and are repeated 50/60 times.

I also find it interesting to present the results of a study on heart rates expressed by players during a competition. The recorded values show that the player is not subject to very high tensions.

For each half of a game the following pulsating frequencies were detected:

These figures lead to some general considerations:

1 there are significant differences between the average performance of the various players;

2 with the exception of the central defender all the other players are subjected to a wide range of stimuli;

3 in the defenders and midfielders the period of average intensity prevails while for the forwards we have the longest period of minimum intensity, but also the longest of maximum intensity.

Let us now try to analyze how movement and training can produce changes in our body. For convenience I will describe separately the effects of the movement produced on the muscles, on the joints, on the bones, on the internal organs, on the mind and also on the relationships with others, but it is necessary to keep in mind that often these effects occur simultaneously.

EFFECTS ON MUSCLES

Muscles are the active organs of movement, in fact they are made up of fibers that contract in the presence of impulses (nervous commands).The movement produces the following transformations on the muscle:

1 increase in volume: the muscle, if made to work intensely to lift weights or to overcome a resistance, becomes bigger and at the same time increases its force.

2 increase in length: the muscle maintains or increases its length by means of continuous work to which it is subjected, the muscle lengthening allows to fully exploit the joint width.

3 increased capillaries: the muscle, engaged in a work of mild intensity, but of long duration, increases its capillarization that is the number of channels that bring the oxygen (brought from the blood) to the muscle fibers. This results in an improved ability to supply the oxygen muscle: a condition that allows the muscle to resist fatigue for longer.

4 increase of energy substances: the movement allows the increase of energy substances (glycogen) necessary for muscle contraction.

5 improving the transmission of nerve stimuli: training makes the transmission of nerve stimuli from the brain to the muscles faster and more precise, thus improving the speed and coordination of movements.

EFFECTS ON JOINTS

The joints constitute the junction system of our body. They allow the movement of the various body segments. The articulation consists of the union of two bones whose ends are called articular heads. The movement produces the following transformations on the joints:

1 maintenance of physiological mobility: the articulation to maintain its normal mobility must be used to the maximum of its possibilities of movement.

2 increase and recovery of mobility: to recover lost mobility and increase that possessed, it is necessary to use particular forms of training and movement.

3 strengthening of the articular capsules: the joint capsule, made up of ligaments and muscles, has the task of keeping the articular heads firmly tied and to prevent the joints from getting out of place and that sprains or dislocations occur.

EFFECTS ON BONES

The bones constitute the scaffolding of our body, they fulfill the task of protection (the skull protects the brain, the spine protects the marrow) and contribute, as passive organs to the movement, to the displacement of the body and its limbs. The movement produces the following transformations on the bones:

1 better nutrition: the increased circulation of blood, caused by physical exercise, nourishes the bone tissue and supplies it with calcium.

2 development in length: the movement favors the production of new bone cells, which determines the growth in length of the bone itself.

3 development in width and thickness: the tractions on the bones, exercised by the muscles during movement, favor the development of the same in thickness and width. It follows an increase in resistance.

RESPIRATORY EFFECTS

The task of the respiratory system is to supply the body with oxygen and to eliminate carbon dioxide. The movement produces the following transformations on breathing:

1 reduction of recovery time: the trained subject takes less time to return to normal breathing after the effort.

2 minor increase in respiration rate: the trained subject, with the same work, has a lower basal respiratory rate than the sedentary (12-16 acts per minute).

3 increase in vital capacity: the vital capacity is the amount of air, measured in liters with the spirometer, which is able to emit with a forced exhalation, after having done a maximum inhalation.

4 increase of the apnoea time: the apnoea, or voluntary suspension of the breath, increases in duration in the trained subject.

5 strengthening of the respiratory mechanics: the respiratory muscles, and in particular the diaphragm, with the exercise increase their power and the efficiency of their contractions.