Is Khembalung the islands original name?
No. I do not think it had a name before. Most of our group lived at one time in the valley of Khembalung. So that name was kept, and we have shifted away from the Dalai Lamas government in Dharamsala.
At the sound of the words Dalai Lama the old monk made a face and said something in Tibetan.
The Dalai Lama is still number one with us, Drepung clarified. It is a matter of some religious controversies with his associates. A matter of how best to support him.
And your island?
Their pizza arrived, and Drepung began talking between big bites. Lightly populated, the Sundarbans. Ours was uninhabited.
Did you say uninhabitable?
People with lots of choices might say they were uninhabitable, Drepung said. And they may yet become so. They are best for tigers. But we have done well there. We have become like tigers. Over the years we have built a nice town. Schools, houses, hospital. All that. And seawalls. The whole island has been ringed by dikes. Lots of work. Hard labor. He nodded as if personally acquainted with this work. Dutch advisors helped us. Very nice. Our home, you know? Khembalung has moved from age to age. But now He waggled a hand again, took another slice of pizza, bit into it.
Global warming? Anna ventured. Sea level rise?
He nodded, swallowed. Our Dutch friends suggested that we establish an embassy here, to join their campaign to influence American policy.
Anna quickly bit into her pizza, so that she would not reveal the thought that had struck her, that the Dutch must be desperate indeed if they had been reduced to help from these people. She thought things over as she chewed. So here you are, she said. Have you been to America before?
Drepung shook his head. None of us have.
It must be pretty overwhelming.
He frowned at this word. I have been to Calcutta.
Oh I see.
This is very different, of course.
Yes, Im sure.
She liked him: his musical Indian English, his round face and big liquid eyes, his ready smile. The two men made quite a contrast: Drepung young and tall, round-faced, with a kind of baby-fat look; Rudra Cakrin old, small, and wizened, his face lined with a million wrinkles, his cheekbones and narrow jaw prominent in an angular, nearly fleshless face.
The wrinkles were laugh lines, however, combined with the lines of a wide-eyed expression of surprise that bunched up his forehead. He seemed cheerful, and certainly attacked his pizza with the same enthusiasm as his young assistant. With their shaved heads they shared a certain family resemblance.
She said, I suppose going from Tibet to a tropical island must have been a bigger shock than coming from the island to here.
I suppose. I was born in Khembalung myself, so I dont know for sure. But the old ones like Rudra here, who made that very move, seem to have adjusted well. Just to have any kind of home is a blessing.
Anna nodded. The two of them did project a certain calm. They sat in the booth as if there was no hurry to go anywhere else. Anna couldnt imagine any such state of mind. She was always in a tearing hurry. She tried to match their air of being at ease. At ease in Arlington, Virginia, after a lifetime on an island in the Ganges. Well, the climate would be familiar. But everything else had to have changed quite stupendously.
And, on closer examination, there was a certain guardedness to them. Drepung watched Anna with a slightly cautious look, reminding her of the pained expression she had seen earlier in the day.
How is it that you came to rent a space in this particular building?
Drepung paused to consider this question for a surprisingly long time. Rudra said something to him.
We had some advice there, Drepung said. The Pew Center on Global Climate Change has been helping us, and their office is located nearby.
Anna thought it over while she ate. It was good to know that they hadnt just rented the first office they found. Nevertheless, their effort in Washington looked to her to be underpowered at this point. You should meet my husband, she said. He works for a senator, one who is interested in climate change, and a good guy, and chair of the Foreign Relations Committee.
AhSenator Chase?
Yes. You know about him?
He has visited Khembalung.
Has he? Well, Im not surprised, hes been everyhes been a lot of places. Anyway, my husband Charlie works for him as an environmental policy advisor. It would be good for you to talk to Charlie.
That would be an honor.
I dont know if Id go that far. But useful.
Useful, yes. Perhaps we could have you to dinner at our residence.
Thank you, that would be nice. But we have two small boys and weve lost all our babysitters, so to tell the truth, it would be easier if you and some of your colleagues came to our place. In fact Ive already talked to Charlie about this, and hes looking forward to meeting you. We live in Bethesda, just across the border from the District. Its not far.
Red Line.
Yes, very good. Red Line, Bethesda stop.
She got out her calendar, checked the coming weeks. Very full, as always. How about a week from Friday? On Fridays we relax a little.
Thank you, Drepung said, ducking his head. He and Rudra Cakrin had an exchange in Tibetan. That would be very kind. And on the full moon, too.
Is it? Im afraid I dont keep track.
We do. The tides, you see.
CHAPTER 3
INTELLECTUAL MERIT
Water flows through the oceans in steady recycling patterns, determined by the Coriolis force and the particular positions of the continents in our time. Surface currents can move in the opposite direction to bottom currents below them, and often do, forming systems like giant conveyor belts of water. The largest one is already famous, at least in part: the Gulf Stream is a segment of a warm surface current that flows north up the entire length of the Atlantic, all the way to Norway and Greenland. There the water cools and sinks, and begins a long journey south on the Atlantic Ocean floor, to the Cape of Good Hope and then east toward Australia, and even into the Pacific, where the water upwells and rejoins the surface flow, west to the Atlantic for the long haul north again. The round trip for any given water molecule takes about a thousand years.
Cooling salty water sinks more easily than fresh water. Trade winds sweep clouds generated in the Gulf of Mexico west over Central America to dump their rain in the Pacific, leaving the remaining water in the Atlantic that much saltier. So the cooling water in the North Atlantic sinks well, aiding the power of the Gulf Stream. If the surface of the North Atlantic were to become rapidly fresher, it would not sink so well when it cooled, and that could stall the conveyor belt. The Gulf Stream would have nowhere to go, and would slow down, and sink farther south. Weather everywhere would change, becoming windier and drier in the Northern Hemisphere, and colder in places, especially in Europe.
The sudden desalination of the North Atlantic might seem an unlikely occurrence, but it has happened before. At the end of the last Ice Age, for instance, vast shallow lakes were created by the melting of the polar ice cap. Eventually these lakes broke through their ice dams and poured off into the oceans. North America still sports scars from three or four of these cataclysmic floods; one flowed down the Mississippi, one the Hudson, one the St. Lawrence. These flows stalled the world ocean conveyor belt current, and the climate of the whole world changed as a result, sometimes in as little as three years.
The sudden desalination of the North Atlantic might seem an unlikely occurrence, but it has happened before. At the end of the last Ice Age, for instance, vast shallow lakes were created by the melting of the polar ice cap. Eventually these lakes broke through their ice dams and poured off into the oceans. North America still sports scars from three or four of these cataclysmic floods; one flowed down the Mississippi, one the Hudson, one the St. Lawrence. These flows stalled the world ocean conveyor belt current, and the climate of the whole world changed as a result, sometimes in as little as three years.
Now, with Greenlands ice cap melting fast, and the Arctic sea ice breaking into bergs, would enough fresh water flow into the North Atlantic to stall the Gulf Stream again?
Frank Vanderwal kept track of climate news as a sort of morbid hobby. His friend Kenzo Hayakawa, an old grad school housemate, had spent time at NOAA before coming to NSF to work with the weather crowd on the ninth floor, and so Frank occasionally checked in with him, to say hi and find out the latest. Things were getting wild out there; extreme weather events were touching down all over the world, the violent short-termed ones almost daily, the chronic problems piling one on the next, so that never were they entirely clear of them. The Hyperniño, severe drought in India and Peru, lightning fires in Malaysia; then on the daily scale, a typhoon destroying most of Mindanao, a snap freeze killing crops and breaking pipes all over Texas, and so on. Something every day.
Like a lot of climatologists and other weather people Frank had met, Kenzo presented all this news with a faintly proprietary air, as if he were curating the weather. He liked the wild stuff, and enjoyed sharing news of it, especially if it supported his theory that the heat humans had added to the atmosphere had been enough to change the monsoon patterns for good, triggering global repercussions; meaning almost everything. This week for instance it was tornadoes, previously confined almost entirely to North America as a kind of freak of that continents topography and latitude, but now appearing in East Africa and in Central Asia. Last week it had been the weakening of the Great World Ocean Current in the Indian Ocean rather than the Atlantic.
Unbelievable, Frank would say.
I know. Isnt it amazing?
Before leaving for home at the end of the day, Frank often passed by another source of news, the little room filled with file cabinets and copy machines informally called The Department of Unfortunate Statistics. Someone had started to tape onto the walls of this room extra copies of pages that held interesting statistics or other bits of recent quantitative information. No one knew who had started the tradition, but now it was clearly a communal thing.
The oldest ones were headlines, things like:
WORLD BANK PRESIDENT SAYS FOUR BILLION LIVE ON LESS THAN TWO DOLLARS A DAY.
or
AMERICA: FIVE PERCENT OF WORLD POPULATION, SEVENTY PERCENT OF CORPORATE OWNERSHIP
Later pages were charts, or tables of figures out of journal articles, or short articles out of the scientific literature.
When Frank went by on this day, Edgardo was in there at the coffee machine, as he so often was, looking at the latest. It was another headline:
352 RICHEST PEOPLE OWN AS MUCH AS THE POOREST TWO BILLION, SAYS CANADIAN FOOD PROJECT
I dont think this can be right, Edgardo declared.
How so? Frank said.
The poorest two billion have nothing, whereas the richest three hundred and fifty-two have a big percentage of the worlds capital. I suspect it would take the poorest four billion at least to match the top three hundred and fifty.
Anna came in as he was saying this, and wrinkled her nose as she went to the copying machine. She didnt like this kind of conversation, Frank knew. It seemed to be a matter of distaste for belaboring the obvious. Or distrust in the data. Maybe she was the one who had taped up a brief quote: 72.8% of all statistics are made up on the spot.
Frank, wanting to bug her, said, What do you think, Anna?
About what?
Edgardo pointed to the headline and explained his objection.
Anna said, I dont know. Seven magnitudes is a lot. Maybe if you add two billion small households up, it matches the richest three hundred.
Not this top three hundred. Have you seen the latest Forbes 500?
Anna shook her head impatiently, as if to say, Of course not, why would I waste my time? But Edgardo was an inveterate student of the stock market and the financial world generally. He tapped another page. The average surplus value created by American workers is thirty-three dollars an hour.
Anna said, I wonder how they define surplus value.
Profit, Frank said.
Edgardo shook his head. You can cook the books and get rid of profit, but the surplus value, the value created above and beyond the pay for the labor, is still there.
Anna said, There was a page in here that said the average American worker puts in 1,950 hours a year. I thought that was questionable too, thats forty hours a week for about forty-nine weeks.
Three weeks of vacation a year, Frank pointed out. Pretty normal.
Yeah, but average? What about all the part-time workers?
There must be an equivalent number of people who work overtime.
Can that be true? I thought overtime was a thing of the past.
You work overtime.
Yeah but I dont get paid for it!
The men laughed at her.
They should have used the median, she said. The average is a skewed measure of central tendency. Anyway, thatsAnna could do calculations in her headsixty-four thousand three hundred and fifty dollars a year, generated by the average worker in surplus value. If you can believe these figures.
Whats the average income? Edgardo asked. Thirty thousand?
Maybe less, Frank said.
We dont have any idea, Anna objected.
Call it thirty, and whats the average taxes paid?
About ten? Or is it less?
Edgardo said, Call it ten. So lets see. You work every day of the year, except for three lousy weeks. You make around a hundred thousand dollars. Your boss takes two-thirds of that and gives you one third, then you give a third of that to the government. Your government uses what it gets to build all the roads and schools and police and pensions, and your boss takes his much larger share and buys a mansion on an island somewhere. So naturally you complain about your bloated inefficient Big Brother of a government, and you always vote for the pro-owner party. He grinned at Frank and Anna. How stupid is that?
Anna shook her head. People dont see it that way.
But here are the statistics!
People dont usually put them together like that. Besides, you made half of them up.
Theyre close enough for people to get the idea! But they are not taught to think! In fact theyre taught not to think. And they are stupid to begin with.
Even Frank was not willing to go this far. Its a matter of what you can see, he suggested. You see your boss, you see your paycheck, its given to you. You have it. Then youre forced to give some of it to the government. You never know about the surplus value youve created, because it was disappeared in the first place. Cooked in the books.