The Slavdom
Indo-European Migrations
Andrey Tikhomirov
© Andrey Tikhomirov, 2020
Created with Ridero smart publishing system
The formation of the Slavic peoples
Slavic peoples are based on Slavic languages that belong to the Indo-European language family. Modern Slavs are divided into 3 groups: eastern, southern and western. Belorussians, Russians and Ukrainians belong to the east, Bulgarians, Bosnians, Macedonians, Serbs, Slovenes, Croats and Montenegrins to the south, Kashubians (the ethnic group of Poles that inhabit part of Polish Pomerania Kashubia), Luzhans, Poles, Slovaks and Czechs. Now these are states in which the majority of the above Slavic peoples are: Belarus, Russia, Ukraine, Bulgaria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Northern Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro, Poland, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Luzhichans (Lusatian Serbs, Sorbians, Vendians) live in eastern Germany.
Slavic peoples are currently distributed in large areas of Eastern and Central Europe, the Balkan Peninsula, Siberia and the Far East. The territory of their distribution throughout history has changed significantly. This is especially true for Russians. In some areas of Europe, Slavic peoples assimilated and disappeared. So it was, for example, on the territory of eastern Germany, the modern toponymy of which testifies to the ancient Slavic population of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Saxony and other neighboring regions. Back in the 18th century. Slavic speech was preserved on the Elbe (Slavic Laba) in the Lyukhov district on the River Yetz. The texts of the late 17th early 18th centuries allow us to judge the Labab language.
Slavic languages are related to other Indo-European languages by the most ancient korneslov and formative. Slavic languages are especially close to the group of Baltic (Baltic) languages, even a special Slavic-Baltic community (21 millennia BC) is distinguished. In even more ancient times, Slavic languages (43 millennia BC) were most likely closely associated with Iranian languages. In the 1st millennium A.D. Slavic languages entered into various ties with the Germanic languages, as well as with the Greek language.
Of the non-Indo-European languages, the relations of the Slavs with the Ugro-Finns and Turkic peoples were especially significant, which was reflected in the vocabulary of the Slavic languages, especially Russian.
One of the most ancient pre-Slavic cultures is Ludwick, located along the Vistula and Oder. Findings and artifacts of the Lugice culture extend to the coast of the Baltic Sea, in the south they reach the upper Vistula and Danube, in the west the middle reaches of the Elbe, and in the east to the Bug and upper Pripyat. The earliest monuments of Lugansk culture date back to the Bronze Age, back to the end of the second millennium BC. However, most of the Luga settlements date back to the middle of the 1st millennium BC. Among them, the ancient village located on the shores of Lake Biskupinsky near the Polish city of Poznan is the most well-studied. The remains of wooden buildings due to soil moisture are well preserved. The village was fenced with a powerful defensive wall, built of three rows of wooden log cabins, filled inside with clay, earth and stones. In the village, eight parallel cobbled streets were opened, along which there were long houses. The arrangement of houses in the form of huge collective dwellings, divided into rooms, indicates that tribal communities lived in them, within which there was already a clear division into families, but families were not yet separated from the clan. Among the finds are many ceramics from various vessels.
Luzhitsky tribes were engaged in agriculture. As a result of excavations, the remains of wooden plow, horny hoes on a wooden handle, iron sickles and simple stone grain grinders were found. Carbonized rye, wheat, barley and pea grains were also found in the Biskupinsky settlement in Poland. Of the fibrous plants, flax was known. Findings made in these houses indicate the absence of any noticeable property differentiation of their inhabitants. The same conclusion should be drawn from the consideration of funerary monuments of this culture, which differ in uniformity and in this respect are completely different, for example, from the barrow cemeteries of Scythia, where there is a sharp property differentiation of the buried. The tribes of Luga culture burned their dead, followed by the burial of urns with ashes on the funeral field a rite very characteristic of the ancient Slavs.
In the I millennium BC among the tribes of Luga culture, iron completely displaces stone, and then bronze, from which only jewelry began to be made. In the 76 centuries. BC. The metallurgy of iron spread among the tribes of Luga culture, which was mined by the raw-iron method from local bog ores. Tribes of the Luga culture made various dishes from clay (often covering its surface with glaze), figures of animals and birds, childrens toys, etc.
In the economy of the Luga population, a significant place was also occupied by domestic cattle breeding. There are many bones of domestic animals in the settlements, among them especially cattle bones. The burials of the Luzick culture are known. The deceased were burnt, and the remains of the incineration were enclosed in clay pots, covered with a crock and put into holes. Such pots with mortal remains are called urns. A small number of things were placed near the urns and vessels were placed, apparently with food. Such burial grounds are called burial fields, or fields of burial urns. The burial rite in urns later became widespread among the Slavs and non-Slavic tribes of Eastern Europe in the first half of the 1st millennium A.D. e.
Related to Lugas culture was another Proto-Slavic culture the Black Forest culture, which occupied the interfluve of the Middle Dnieper and the Upper Bug and was named after the Black Forest hillfort in the Ingulse basin, the right tributary of the Dnieper. In the settlements of this culture dating back to the early Iron Age, there are many horny and bone hoes, tools for processing leather, bone arrowheads, darts, psalms from fishing rods and ceramics. Much material of the Black Forest culture was collected on the Subbotinsky settlement. The materials of this settlement testify to the wide development of craft production. In addition to crafts made of bone and ceramics, more than two hundred fragments of foundry molds were found, which served to cast jewelry and Celts, iron things. The Black Forest culture is characterized by a large number of burial grounds of two types mounds and barrows. Burials, as well as a number of other elements of culture, are close to the monuments of Luzitsky culture.
Milograd culture, prevalent in southern Belarus, mainly along the right bank of the Dnieper, is another Proto-Slavic culture. On the hillforts of this culture, square at the base of the dwellings are slightly deepened into the soil. The population knew the processing of iron and copper. The economy of Milograd residents is well known from excavations. The basis of it was agriculture and cattle breeding. Along with this, fishing and hunting were of auxiliary importance.
Lomonosov M.V. writes in his book Ancient Russian History (17541758), the book MV Lomonosov, Selected Prose, comp., foreword. and comment V.A. Dmitrieva, 2nd ed., Moscow: Sov. Russia, 1986, p. 217219: Chapter 5 ABOUT THE CONJECTIONS AND CASES OF SLAVIC
The oldest of all the Slavs, according to the news of ancient writers, should be revered from Asia to Europe. What happened in two ways, water and dry, from the above is not difficult to see. For Venets from Troy with Antenor sailed the Archipelago, the Mediterranean and the Adriatic Sea. And it is very likely that after this, for different times and occasions, many of their homogeneous people from Paflagonia on the aforementioned path or along the Black Sea and up the Danube to them and in their neighborhood went to live. This is confirmed, firstly, by the fact that Venets spread very widely along the northern and eastern shores of the Adriatic Gulf and along the lands lying on the Danube; the second, that Paflagonia after that from time to time diminished and, finally, did not rely between the main lands in Asia, for Ptolemy (Geogr., book 5, ch. 3.) is already revered as a small part of Galatia.
The other way was from the Medes north, near the Black Sea, to the west and further at midnight, when the Sarmatians, from the Medes descended from the Zadonsky places further to the evening countries, which should be concluded from the truth. Well, Blond writes (Decade 1, book 1.) that the Slavs, from the Bosphorus of Zimmer to Thrace, who lived in Illyrik and in Dalmatia, were resettled. Bulgarians are an ancient dwelling in Asian Sarmatia, near the Volga River, with good justification from some it is believed (Cromer, book 1, chap. 8.), then that Iornand with the Slavs and Antes, Slavic people, their combined attack on the Roman Empire describes and respects them in the northern country from the Black Sea. The name of the Bulgarians, which happened from the Volga, which after that the other peoples, the Kozar and Tatars, from the Russians were called, is consistent with the case (Nestor, in many places.).
All this proves the movement of the Slavic generations from east to west by our vast lands, in the north near the Pontic Sea. Thus, having already stretched to the noon packs, they united with their homodes, who had resettled by the southern road, and for many ages made up different Slavic generations, having canceled the dialects and customs of the communication with the alien peoples whom the persecution addressed.
What courage was the ancient ancestors of the Slavic people, you can learn about it by reading about the wars of Persian, Greek and Roman with the Medes, Sarmatians and Illyrians, which belong to other Russians with other Slavic generations. Although the narrative incredibly seems to us to be of special praise about the letter given from Aleksandr the Great to the Slavic people, I mention it here to those who dont know that, in addition to our New Yorkers, the Czechs also praise it (Cromer book I. chapter 14).
Meanwhile, when the Slavic tribes from the Medes, near the Black Sea, to Illyrik and to other places spread, then they settled in the northern countries in great numbers. The Novogorodsky chronicler is consistent with external writers. And even though the names of Slaven and Rus and other brothers were fictitious, however, there are affairs of the Northern Slavs described in it, which are not contrary to the truth. In the Varangian Sea, which was given this name from theft in the Chudsk language, usually there were great robberies in ancient times and not only from vile people, but also from reigning rulers were not considered a vice. About Sla-venovs son of the Magus, from whom the Volkhov bears the name, he writes that in this river he turned into a crocodile and devoured swimming. These things should be understood that the mentioned prince on Lake Ladoga and on Volkhov, or the Mutnaya river then called, robbed and was called his carnivorous beast because of his likeness. The spread of the northern Slavs to the Vym and Pechora rivers, and even to the Ob, although it should later seem to be rather than what is supposed in this chronicler, is not as late as some people think, then after seven hundred years bargaining from Russia to the West has been known for expensive sable furs from external authors, and melons in the Russian merchants had previously appealed than Yermak had opened the entrance to Siberia with a military hand.
When the Roman Empire strengthened and spread its weapons far, then the Slavic peoples who lived in Illyric, in Dalmatia and near the Danube felt its violence, for which they turned north to their homies, who had long lived in it. According to Nesterov (Sheet 4.), the Slavs in the places where Novgorod lived during the preaching of the gospel by the holy Apostle Andrew. Ptolemy (Book 3, Ch. 5, table 8.) laid the Slavs near Velikiye Luki, Pskov, Old Rus and Novgorod.
Vladimir Chivilikhin in the book Memory, M., Fiction, 1984, writes (p. 424425): The outstanding linguist and historian A. A. Shakhmatov (18641920) created capital works on the history of medieval and modern of the Russian language, folk dialects, conducted in-depth studies of the Russian annals, discovered Ermolinskaya, Simeonovskaya and other annals for science, led the publication of the Complete Collection of Russian Annals, created the Dialectological Commission, for several decades worthily leading Russian philological science. The work The Ancient Fates of the Russian Tribe, published in Petrograd in 1919, which, unfortunately, became known to me later than the fresh books of Menges and Khaburgaev, A. A. Shakhmatov, based on Arabic and Khazar sources, as well as on the annals of that the Vyatichi came from the Poles, he writes in the main text: I will stop on the very name of the Vyatichi: it sounds to the Arabic-Persian writer Gardisi Vantit. The appearance of en, that is, natural nasal e transmission in this name, I explain to myself by the fact that the Vyatichi, as the Lyash tribe, called himself myself We-tic, whereas their neighboring Slavs pronounced Wje-tic: the nasal sound is perceived as en (or em>?) the Khazars, where Vantit Ceyhan and Vuntit Khazar king Joseph. And in the note he speaks of Artania from the Arabic sources of the 9th century, who called Artania one of the three main Russian tribes with their city of Arta, and the approximation of these names by the Czech scientist L. Niederle with ancient Antes, although the name of the Ants disappeared by the time of the Arabs travels and early medieval Russia from the history. I also think that between Arta, Artania, on the one hand, Vantit, on the other, there is a connection; but this connection is completely different than the Netherlands thought: Vantit is Vyatichi, and Artania is Erdzian, whence Ryazan; Ryazan, as we have seen, became the city of Vyatichi (cf. the commentary of later chroniclers: Vyatichi, that is, Ryazanians).
But Ryazan was founded at the end of the 11th century, and where are the Wends (Venets) here as the ancestors of the Vyatichi? Somewhat earlier, the scientist mentions them in connection with the works of the Jordan known to us: Venets (Venetarum natio) live on the left, north-facing slope of the mountains bordering Dacia (i.e., the Carpathians), and extend to vast spaces, starting with the sources of the Vistula. Jordans story about a trip to the country of Antes Vinitar is also mentioned, the name of which the famous German archaeologist I. Marquardt brought closer to the tribal name of Venets, but A. A. Shakhmatov himself in this work made the following conclusion: Everything that we know about Ants, with perfect clarity leads us to the recognition of their Eastern Slavs, therefore, the ancestors of Russians. However, Venets were not called ancestors of Vyatichi in their work! And this was the last published book of the great Russian scientist a few months later he died in the hungry and cold Petrograd, which exerted forces to defend the revolution
At the end of the first millennium BC. As a result of the advance to the south of Pomeranian tribes and ancient Germans from Jutland, a Przeworsk culture developed on the site of the Gluzhitsky culture, the territory of which was much wider. The reasons for this movement are unclear. The settlements of Przeworsk were located in elevated places. People lived in huts, were engaged in agriculture and cattle breeding. Iron sickles, axes, plowshares, and a large number of stucco ceramics are found in the cultural layers of Pshevor settlements. It is believed that it belonged equally to both the ancient Slavs and the ancient Germans. Moreover, it is impossible to territorially divide this culture into the Slavic and Germanic parts, into two regions, since at that time, at the turn of our era, both Germanic and Slavic tribes often changed their position, lived in strips, and the elements of their culture were mixed. The cultures described by us of the 1st millennium BC approximately give an idea of the territory of the formation of the ancient Slavs. However, it cannot be said which of these cultures was the oldest Slavic culture, although in the past there were quite determined attempts to connect one of them with the Slavs.