Moreover, the word strategiya (strategy), now so beloved by politicians of various stripes, also goes back to the protoroot str. Dictionaries explain the origin of this word from the ancient Greek στρατηγία (stratigia) and translate it as the art of a commander. But this is a late interpretation. If we parse the word in protoroots, we get a very clear semantic series: str is quickly, ti is to do, ga is the way. That is rapidly make the way, move to the victory. I think the Greeks were intuitively and naturally right to give this word a military merit.
Listening to the protoroots of the Dunay (Dunai) river, it is enough to explain the meaning of this hydronym. Ay is a mountain, and the Danube originates in the mountains of Germany, is a river running from the mountains.
The Iordan (Jordan) River is more difficult. The name also consists of two roots. ior is a distorted ar is the earth. In this case, ar stands for land in water. In other words, it is a dirty, muddy river, a river with dirty water. By the way, a slightly distorted protoroot ar is also present in the name of the Missouri Riverms-ur. How did the American Indians translate this name? Thats rightdirty river. Later, the Greeks, and after them the Romans, began to associate dirty water with urine, so the word urina appeared. Even later, there were urns vessels for collecting sewage. Enterprising slaves serving urns in the Colosseum offered to charge the Emperor Vespasian for using them so the catch phrase money has no smell appeared.
However, lets go back to our-not our Don River, deep bottom and river bosom. Once I received an angry comment in my email. A young lady wrote that the name of the city of London comes from the Latin Londinium, so there is no need to compose any nonsense and mislead students. At first I wanted to respond to her and even recorded my response on video. But there was no dialogue or feedback.
Indeed, there was a period when London was called Londinium according to Latin grammar. But this place was named before the Romans the Celts called it Londin, in turn inheriting this toponym\place name, as the encyclopedias say, from the local inhabitants. Who these natives were? History is silent. But when they named this area, they proceeded from the semantic morphemes of the ancient protolanguage. Those who replaced them did not know this language any more and inherited only the form of the toponym\place name, without understanding its meaning.
In general, almost all toponyms\place names in the UK, as well as the word Britain, become clear when the ancient roots and the Russian language come to the rescue. All names have a deep meaning, reflecting the features of the landscape. I will not say that these words are Russian toponyms\place names, although this suggests itself. But one thing is certain: those who gave the names of the area, were good friends with the ancient and possibly Russian language. If you listen to that Professor Anatoly Klesov tells you, Europe used to be inhabited by tribes that were later displaced to its Eastern part. These tribes gave the names of the locality, which are so easily corresponded with the Russian language. With all the changes, the toponym\place name London clearly retained its native root, and I would say russian basis. The consonantal sounds, l-n-d-n are the keepers of meaning, and they have been clearly heard in the Londons fog for centuries.
But the secret of the name of London will help us understand the German city of Kel`n (Cologne). Its name comes from the Latin word colony, and Kel`n was once part of the Roman Empire. Later, the peoples who inhabited it changed, the name was pronounced in a new way, with distortions, but the root basis remained the same: K-l-n. This word also goes back to the ancient prepositions k and o, which are well understood in Russian. The combination of these prepositions has the meaning to round or round. A colony is a bosom around, a wasteland, an open area without dense vegetation taken, mastered, satisfied, fertilized. Once people of the same kind tribe, settling around, developed new and better areas of land, often capturing them from other tribes and establishing their own beginning. Such words as koloniya (colony), pokolenie (generation), kolenodegree (including Israels) knee, klan (clan), and others originate from the ancient prepositions k and o.
If in the word koloniya (colony) instead of protoroot ko (round, around) include another protoroot, the ancient preposition po, we get a different meaning of the word lono (bosom) it will stretch along, capturing all new territories. This combination of protoroots formed many words: Poland, polyana (meadow), polyy (open\empty), poleno (log), palenyy (scorched), polyn`ya (thawed patch), plen (captivity), etc. But at the heart of everything is the lono. What does it mean? No is a negation, an objection, l is something pleasant, loved, giving pleasure. In relation to the area and its geographical features, the sound l also denoted vegetation, forest. Therefore, the lono is a plot without vegetation, land without forest, a place of rest from a dense stand of trees, a sunny meadow. By the way, the word leto (summer) is also a combination of protoroots: l is for vegetation and to is for place, presence. This is the time when everything blooms and grows.
Finally, the word lono has another meaning, which is related to fertility and serves as a feminine principle. For thousands of years, people have been reclaiming land plots from the forest, plowing and throwing grain into them, hoping that they will sprout and give a rich harvest. So the womb (lono) of a woman served for the seed laid in it to give offspring. Not to tell you about another meaning of the combination of these protoroots. This is the word nol (zero). A word with its roots rearranged in a different order, but with the same meaning. Zero is empty, null space, nothingness!
However, returning to the foggy Albion, we can look at London itself differentlylono and donoan open, beautiful, fertile place by a deep river
Calais, Caledonia, Dongola and Baikal
On maps of the planet, you can often find names that include a combination of one of the derived breath sounds ga and ka with a soft sound el. It is an amazing combination! On the one hand, It is a hard road, a long way with a hard exhalation in the end; on the other hand, it is something loved, pleasant, desired. ka-elpleasant movement, a desired and even favorite way. This combination became the basis of place names indicating the most convenient ways. Along them, for example, Alexander Dumas moved to the musketeer port of Calais, to comfortably move from the dear old France to the no less old and dear England.
The port of Calais is not the only transshipment toponym\place name. In the Northern part of Great Britain there is a province Caledonia. A strange name, consisting of four protoroots: ka, el, do, no. If we take it literally, as an ancient ancestor would have done, we get this meaning: a convenient, favorite and desired way along the bottom. And thats right! The fact is that in ancient times, hundreds of thousands of years ago, an island in the North of England broke and along the mountains, along the rocks, along the forests formed a crack that stretched from the Atlantic Ocean to the North Sea, crossing the entire island. In places, the crack has formed deep Loch Ness, Loch Linne, Loch Lochy, in places it is shallow and even has crossings. At the same time, the Scottish Loch is a lake, akin to our Russian ovrag (ravine). The British call this fault Great Glen themselves, which, in fact, has the same meaning. Only if the more ancient Caledonia literally translates as a good, convenient way on the bottom, then Great Glena good, convenient way between the mountains. And the word Glen itself is a corruption of Calais.
There is another ancient toponym\place name, which is absolutely related to Caledonia, but in which the combinations of protoroots are rearranged: not ka-le-dono, but on the contrary dono-ka-le. This is an ancient place of Dongola, which is located in Sudan on the banks of the Nile River. The bottom line is that Dongola is located between the rapids of the Nile River. This means that we can assume that in ancient times this place was designated as a convenient river crossing, as it was geographically.
There are many toponyms\place names with the meaning convenient and good way in the world. So much so that your head may spin. This is the Kalka River, and the Kalya River, and the ancient river, of which only one name remains the Galilee River. This is the Permian Galia, and the famous Rubicon-cut Gallia. These are the Kal`nukha River, the Kal`yok River, the Kaleva River, the Kalets River, the Kaler River, the Kal`mius River, the Kal`chik River, the Kalitva River, the city of Kaluga, the Kal`va River, Golstein district, the Kalaly River, Karmyskaly Pond, Dzhambas-Kala, Enikale (Kerch), the city of Gelsinfors (Helsinki), Kilimanjaro, the city of Calcutta, the city of Ramigala. This is the legendary river named by the Turks Galis, Dzhalinda, the city of Dzhalal-Abad, all kinds of Dzhalili and the resort Gelendzhik. This is the famous Karelo-Finnish epic Kalevala. Here, not only the Israeli Dzhelabun is appropriate, but also the name of the famous count Cagliostro and even the name of ancient coins sikel and shekel. The warm Gulf Stream also flowed out of this story.
Even the name of the German magazine Spiegel has the same roots. Spiegel is a mirror a mirror surface of the frozen river, which was a beautiful road, convenient and easy.
The toponymic mechanism of naming has also moved to the names of tribes. For example, what can we say in general about Celts or Gauls? Protoroots ka-le (comfortable or convenient way) and ti (to do) in their combination denote nomadic tribes that move where they want and where it is comfortable. Gauls is a modified Ka-le. The same meaning is given to the word mongol, where mon " (or man) is a person, and the second part of the wordgol is ka-le. The nomad. In this semantic paradigm, the Karakalpak tribes also moved along the banks of the Syr Darya River, and the friend of the steppeskalmyk found his home. It seems to me that Ivan Kalita might be relevant to the nomads and went where he likes.
It is significant, but the word ka-le has its counterpart, even with rearranged rootsliga (league). This is a related word, but with a more complete meaning. The liga is the connecting way, which has received the meaning connection over time. Among the toponyms\place names, you can recall the city of Liege. In colloquial speech it is also a kind of association: The League of Nations, UEFA Champions League. In ancient times, the word liga had an applied meaning a tie. For example, in Rome, the famous soldiers lace-up boot was called kaliga (caliga). Hence the name of the Emperor Caligula, whose nickname was little boot. To some extent, the meaning of connection has also been preserved by the Sanskrit word yoga, which helps a person to maintain a connection with nature, with the sky and to penetrate down himself.
But the Latin word religa means that this connection is cut, dividing and pushing people together to embroil them. Religion and faith are the opposite phenomena. My statement that the word igo (yoke) is a corruption of the word liga may seem quite fantastic. What is a igo? This is a yoke, a rope around the neck of cattle, so the word has two meanings: first, it is a union, and second is a yoke, a tie. The Tatar-Mongol League was an association of various peoples who adopted the rules of kon on the basis of ethics. And only more perfect means of competition could destroy it. For example, the ancient hunting technique of cutting off the young and weak from the herd. It was called the word religa, and in Great Rome this strategy was known under the slogan: Divide and conquer.
Finally, the ancient combination of ka-le is the basis for the name of the greatest lake on the planet, which is our gray-haired Lake Baikal. This should be discussed separately.
Much has been written about the name of Lake Baikal. At the same time, the main mistake of scientists and researchers is that they traditionally try to interpret the meaning of ancient toponyms\place names through the languages of those peoples who live there now or lived in recent times. But the naming of localities, the designation of landmarks of ancient man was conducted long before then the language groups were formed and even more so formed.
On the territory of Russia, there are several baikalsthey are about thirty. For example, in the Chelyabinsk region there is a city with a slightly distorted name Bakal. In case of small discrepancies, all place names have a common feature. It is hidden in the ancient preposition po, meaning the movement along. For example, the Povolzh`e is along the Volga River, Poltava is along the Ltava River, Pomerania is along the more (along the sea). Sometimes consonant p in this preposition sounds like a voiced consonant b. For example, the city of Bologoe is along the log, lowlands, a wide ravine, Borodino is along something native, fertile, the city of Bologna is along the lono, along the bosom. The first syllable in the word Baykal (Baikal), remembering the mountain protoroot ay, conveyed the ancient meaning along the mountains. The toponym\place name is actually very definite, understandable to the ear of ancient manpo-ay-ka-le. And it means a convenient passage through high rocks. In this sense, I would easily call Baikal and Caledonia related toponyms\place names that mark passages in hard-to-reach places. But if Caledonia is a passage along the bottom of a mountain fault, then Baykal is a passage between mountains.
Baykal is not the only lake that has in its name the semantic roots of passage, transshipment, crossing. This ancient language bush includes Lake Issyk-Kul, Lake Alakol, Kara-Bogaz-Gol and many others. The water surface has always been a convenient passage, so ka-le, kol, gol and others in different languages have received the meaning of lake, water body. I can add that the language has a stable combination of the roots ka-le and voda (water). This is the word gals (tack). It is the way on water.
The concept of a convenient way for the ancients has a great importance. The meaning of ka-le is preserved in many languages around the world. The Crimean-tatar kele in all its variants is related to the tatar kil (to come), slang khilyat (to go), oblomkam (words parts) in Russian: dokole (to the something (place, month, time)) or dokel. This is also the meaning of the English goal and not very pleasant to modern man the word kal (feces), which were strewn with the way of migration of animals and which for ancient hunters was a guiding star in search of prey. So my ancestors the Greeks kept the familiar greeting in their language. Kali Mero now sounds like good day, where Kali is for good, and mero is for day (from our word mera (measure) is a part of the time, the same root of the word smert (death)). But the original meaning of this greeting-wish had the meaning of good journey. And the answer, as the password, was not less kind Kalu Sirtys.