If mass and energy are considered together, the total amount of mass and energy remains the same. The principle of mass conservation has been modified into what is called the principle of conservation of mass energy. The Theory of Relativity shows that mass and energy can be considered to be totally interconvertible, and the amount of energy produced, when matter is destroyed, is given by the well known equation E = mc2 (E is the energy released, m is the mass destroyed, and c is the velocity of light).
1.6. Составьте предложения по образцу:
Ответы выделены полужирным курсивом.
Pattern 1. Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant, electrical, chemical and nuclear energy.
Физики классифицируют энергию на несколько типов: кинетическую, потенциальную, тепловую, звуковую, энергию излучения, электрическую, химическую и ядерную.
1. Physicists classify physical science into several fields: mechanics, sound, heat, electricity, etc.
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Pattern 2. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translation and rotational. Две основные формы кинетической энергии известны как поступательная и вращательная
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2. The four states of matter are known as solid, gas, liquid and plasma.
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Pattern 3. Kinetic energy is possessed by an object by virtue of its motion. Кинетической энергией обладает объект в силу своего движения.
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3. Heat energy is possessed by an object by virtue its temperature.
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1.7. Найдите предложение, содержание которого не соответствует теме и смыслу текста.
Ответы выделен полужирным курсивом
1. Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy and electrical, chemical and nuclear energy.
2. Sound can be considered as a special form of kinetic energy.
3. The splitting process is known as nuclear fission.
4. Some companies produce devices that are already powered by solar energy.
5. Chemical energy is possessed by substances that undergo a chemical reaction, such as combustion
1.8. Найдите перевод терминов из текста
1. gravitational energy
2. kinetic energy
3. heat energy
4. radiant energy
5. electrical energy
6. chemical energy
7. nuclear energy
8. electric and magnetic fields
9. to exist in the absence of matter
10. испускают избыточную энергию в виде излучения release of enormous amounts of energy in the form of heat, light, and radioactivity
11. vibrations in the molecules of the medium
12. приобретать или терять электрический заряд
13. an electric current
14. the principle of conservation of energy
1.9. Переведите выражения из текста на русский язык письменно
1. the ability to do work ____________________________________________
2. to classify energy _________________________________________________
3. by virtue of its motion __________________________________________
4. to accelerate the object to a particular velocity ________________________
5. the temperature depends on the motion ___________________________
6. ultraviolet radiation _____________________________________________
7. visible light ____________________________________________________
8. the movement of charges _________________________________________
9. nuclear fission ___________________________________________________
10. nuclear fusion ___________________________________________________
11. the emission of atomic particles _____________________________________
1.10. Заполните пропуски терминами, данными в конце упражнения
1. Energy can be defined as the _____ to do work.
2. Kinetic energy is possessed by a _____ object by virtue of its motion.
3. Sound energy consists of moving waves of _____ in a medium such as air, water, or metal.
4. The movement of charges constitutes an _____ _____, which flows between two objects at different potentials when they are joined by a _____.
5. The splitting process is known as nuclear _____, the joining together as nuclear _____.
_____________________________________________________________________
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Pressure; ability; moving; fission; fusion; conductor; electrical energy.
1.11. Дайте ответы на вопросы по теме:
1. What is energy?
2. What types of energy do you know?
3. Is kinetic energy possessed by a moving object by virtue of its motion?
4. When is radiant energy emitted?
5. What does sound energy consist of?
6. When has matter electrical energy?
7. What energy is released in chemical reactions?
8. When is nuclear energy produced?
9. What phenomenon is called the principle of conservation of energy?
10. What does the Theory of Relativity show?
1.12. Переведите предложения на русский язык письменно.
1. Physicists classify energy into several types: kinetic, potential, heat, sound, radiant energy and electrical, chemical, and nuclear energy.
2. The two principal forms of kinetic energy are known as translational (поступательная энергия) and rotational(энергия вращения).
3. An object possesses heat, or thermal energy by virtue of its temperature.
4. Radiant energy consists of electromagnetic radiation and includes radio waves, visible light, ultraviolet and infrared radiation, and X-rays.
5. Chemical energy is possessed by substances that undergo a chemical reacton, such as combustion.
6. The splitting process is known as nuclear fission, the joining together as nuclear fusion.
7. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but only converted into other forms.
8. Four properties of a wave can be distinguished and described mathematically: wavelength, frequency, velocity and amplitude.
Тема 2. Звуковая энергия
2.1. Найдите перевод терминов.
1. waves of alternate compression а) волны с чередующимся сжатием b) продольные волны 2. longitudinal waves c) постоянная скорость 3. transverse waves d) среда 4. human throat e) голосовые связки 5. constant velocity f) горло человека 6 medium g) поперечные волны 7. frequency range h) частотный диапазон 8. vocal cords i) разрежение, ослабление 9. wavelength j) длина волны 10. rarefaction k) уменьшать 11. to increase l) увеличивать 12. to decrease2.2. Переведите однокоренные слова:
Существительные Глаголы 1. origin (? _____) to originate (происходить) 2. compression (сжатие) to compress (? _____) 3. conversion (? _____) to convert (преобразовывать) 4. direction (направление) to direct (? _____) 5. transmission (? _____) to transmit (передавать) 6. propagation (распространение) to propagate (? _____) 7. expansion (? _____) to expand (расширяться)2.3. Прочитайте и переведите текст:
Text: Sound Еnergy.Energy may take various forms sound, chemical, and electrical energy, for example Sound consists of waves of alternate compression and rarefaction that transmit kinetic energy through a medium. If there is no medium, there is no sound; sound waves cannot pass through a vacuum. All sounds originate from vibrating objects, such as the vocal cords in the human throat, the skin of a drum, or the strings of a violin. The vibrations are then passed on through a medium most commonly air until they strike the ear drum; the ear converts the vibrations into nerve impulses, which pass to the brain where they are interpreted as sounds. Microphones are the other most common instruments of sound waves into electrical signals.
Waves and sound. There are two types of waves in physics: longitudinal and transverse. Sound waves are of the longitudinal type that is, their vibrations take place in the same direction as they travel.
Transverse waves are those in which the vibrations occur at right angles to the direction, in which the waves travel as happens, for example, when a length of rope is moved regularly up and down to give it a wavelike appearance. Ocean waves and light waves also travel by transverse propagation.
Frequency and intensity. The frequency of a sound wave is the number of wavelengths that are completed in a given period of time. The universal unit of measurement is the hertz (Hz), which represents one complete wavelength, or cycle, per second. The human ear is sensitive to sound in the frequency range from about 20 Hz. As people grow older, their ability to perceive high frequencies diminishes.