31
Havelock Ellis, A Study of British Genius (London: Hurst and Blackett, 2017 [1904]), 94 ff.
32
Gilbert Gottlieb, Normally Occurring Environmental and Behavioral Influences on Gene Activity: From Central Dogma to Probabilistic Epigenesis, Psychological Review 105, no. 3 (1995): 792802.
33
K. Anders Ericsson, Ralf Th. Krampe, and Clemens Tesch-Römer, The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance, Psychological Review 100, vol. 3 (July 1993): 363406. См. также: John A. Sloboda, Jane W. Davidson, Michael J. A. Howe, and Derek G. Moore, The Role of Practice in the Development of Performing Musicians, British Journal of Psychology 87 (May 1996): 287309.
34
Ericsson et al., The Role of Deliberate Practice, 397.
35
Ellen Winner, Gifted Children: Myths and Realities (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 3.
36
О карьере Сезанна см.: Alex Danchev, Cézanne: A Life (New York: Random House, 2012), 106, 110, 116; Lawrence Gowing, Cézanne: The Early Years (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988), 110.
37
La Voz de Galicia, February 21, 1895, quoted in John Richardson, A Life of Picasso: The Prodigy, 18811906 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 55.
38
Richardson, A Life of Picasso, 67.
39
David W. Galenson, Old Masters and Young Geniuses (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 24.
40
Там же, 23.
41
Danchev, Cézanne, 12.
42
The Father of Us All, Artsy, February 6, 2014, https://www.artsy.net/article/matthew-the-father-of-us-all.
43
Brooke N. MacNamara, David Z. Hambrick, and Frederick L. Oswald, Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-analysis, Psychological Science 8 (July 2014): 16081618.
44
К этому имейлу от 4 августа 2019 года Чен сделал следующую приписку: «P. S. Я прочитал это своей (китайской) матери, и она не согласилась с цифрами 20 и 80 процентов. Мама ставит на первое место труд: 80 процентов труд и 20 процентов удача и возможности. Менталитет матери-тигрицы, верно? Интересно, почему разные культуры и воспитание способны так сильно влиять на мнение человека по данным вопросам?»
45
Подробнее об истории стандартизированных тестов на определение IQ см.: Simonton, Talent and Its Development, 440448; Darrin McMahon, Divine Fury: A History of Genius (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 178185.
46
Deborah Solomon, The Science of Second-Guessing, New York Times, December 12, 2004, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/magazine/the-science-of-secondguessing.html.
47
Martin André Rosanoff, Edison in His Laboratory, Harpers Magazine (September 1932), https://harpers.org/archive/1932/09/edison-in-his-laboratory/.
48
Gould, The Mismeasure of Man, 5657.
49
Дело «Григгс против Duke Power Company», 1971. Однако тест на определение IQ и аналогичные тесты по-прежнему могут использоваться в качестве предикторов эффективности работы, если это не приводит к дискриминации по расовым, религиозным, национальным или гендерным признакам.
50
William E. Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test: Noncognitive Assessment in Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004), 6163.
51
Catherine Rampell, SAT Scores and Family Income, New York Times, August 27, 2009, https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/27/sat-scores-and-family-income/; Zachary Goldfarb, These Four Charts Show How the SAT Favors Rich, Educated Families, Washington Post, March 5, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/03/05/these-four-charts-show-how-the-sat-favors-the-rich-educated-families/; Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test, 68.
52
Aamer Madhani, University of Chicago Becomes the First Elite College to Make SAT, ACT Optional for Applicants, USA Today, June 14, 2018, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/06/14/university-chicago-sat-act-optional/701153002/.
53
Anemona Hartocollis, University of California Is Sued over Use of SAT and ACT, New York Times, December 10, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/10/us/sat-act-uc-lawsuit.html.
54
См., например, Lenora Chu, Little Soldiers: An American Boy, a Chinese School, and the Global Race to Achieve (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), 252; Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test, 60.
55
Caitlin Macy, AP Tests Are Still a Great American Equalizer, Wall Street Journal, February 22, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ap-tests-are-still-a-great-american-equalizer-11550854920.
56
См., например, Caroline Goldenberg, School Removes AP Courses for Incoming Freshmen, Horace Mann Record, June 5, 2018, https://record.horacemann.org/2078/uncategorized/school-removes-ap-courses-for-incoming-freshman-class/.
57
Adam Grant, What Straight-A Students Get Wrong, New York Times, December 8, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/08/opinion/college-gpa-career-success.html.
58
Tom Clynes, How to Raise a Genius, Nature (September 7, 2016), https://www.nature.com/news/how-to-raise-a-genius-lessons-from-a-45-year-study-of-super-smart-children-1.20537.
59
Nancy Andreasen, The Creating Brain: The Neuroscience of Genius (New York: Dana Foundation, 2005), 1013. См. также: Barbara Burks, Dortha Jensen, and Lewis Terman, Genetic Studies of Genius, vol. 3: The Promise of Youth: Follow-Up Studies of a Thousand Gifted Students (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1930).