Cognitive Maps (Когнитивные карты) Cognitive maps are structured representations of decision depicted in graphical format (variations of cognitive maps are cause maps, influence diagrams, or belief nets). Basic cognitive maps include nodes connected by arcs, where the nodes represent constructs (or states) and the arcs represent relationships. Cognitive maps have been used to understand decision situations, to analyze complex cause-effect representations and to support communication. [106]
Cognitive science (Когнитивистика, когнитивная наука) The interdisciplinary scientific study of the mind and its processes. [107]
Cohort (Когорта) A sample in study (conducted to evaluate a machine learning algorithm, for example) where it is followed prospectively or retrospectively and subsequent status evaluations with respect to a disease or outcome are conducted to determine which initial participants exposure characteristics (risk factors) are associated with it.
Cold-Start (Cold-Start) A potential issue arising from the fact that a system cannot infer anything for users or items for which it has not gathered a sufficient amount of information yet.
Collaborative filtering (Коллаборативная фильтрация) Making predictions about the interests of one user based on the interests of many other users. Collaborative filtering is often used in recommendation systems.
Combinatorial optimization (Комбинаторная оптимизация) In Operations Research, applied mathematics and theoretical computer science, combinatorial optimization is a topic that consists of finding an optimal object from a finite set of objects [108].
Committee machine (Комитетная машина) A type of artificial neural network using a divide and conquer strategy in which the responses of multiple neural networks (experts) are combined into a single response. The combined response of the committee machine is supposed to be superior to those of its constituent experts. Compare ensembles of classifiers.
Commoditization (Коммодитизация) is the process of transforming a product from an elite to a generally available (comparatively cheap commodity of mass consumption)
Common Data Element (CDE) (Общий элемент данных) Common Data Element is a tool to support data management for clinical research [109].
Commonsense knowledge (Здравый смысл) In artificial intelligence research, commonsense knowledge consists of facts about the everyday world, such as Lemons are sour, that all humans are expected to know. The first AI program to address common sense knowledge was Advice Taker in 1959 by John McCarthy [110].
Commonsense reasoning (Рассуждения на основе здравого смысла) A branch of artificial intelligence concerned with simulating the human ability to make presumptions about the type and essence of ordinary situations they encounter every day [111].
Compiler (Компилятор) is a program that translates text written in a programming language into a set of machine codes. AI framework compilers collect the computational data of the frameworks and try to optimize the code of each of them, regardless of the hardware of the accelerator. The compiler contains programs and blocks with which the framework performs several tasks. The computer memory resource allocator, for example, allocates power individually for each accelerator.
Composite AI (Композитный искусственный интеллект) is the combined application of various AI techniques to improve learning efficiency, expand the level of knowledge representation and, ultimately, to more effectively solve a wider range of business problems.
Compression Compression A method of reducing the size of computer files. There are several compression programs available, such as gzip and WinZip. [112]
Computation (Вычисление) is any type of arithmetic or non-arithmetic calculation that follows a well-defined model (e.g., an algorithm) [113].
Computational chemistry (Вычислительная химия) A branch of chemistry in which mathematical methods are used to calculate molecular properties, model the behavior of molecules, plan synthesis, search databases, and process combinatorial libraries.
Computational complexity theory (Теория сложности вычислений) Focuses on classifying computational problems according to their inherent difficulty, and relating these classes to each other. A computational problem is a task solved by a computer. A computation problem is solvable by mechanical application of mathematical steps, such as an algorithm [114].
Computational creativity (Also artificial creativity, mechanical creativity, creative computing, or creative computation) (Креативные вычисления) A multidisciplinary endeavour that includes the fields of artificial intelligence, cognitive psychology, philosophy, and the arts. [115]
Computational cybernetics (Вычислительная кибернетика) is the integration of cybernetics and computational intelligence techniques.
Computational efficiency of an agent or a trained model (Вычислительная эффективность агента или обученной модели) is the number of computational resources required by the agent to solve a problem at the inference stage.
Computational efficiency of an intelligent system (Вычислительная эффективность интеллектуальной системы) is the amount of computing resources required to train an intelligent system with a certain level of performance on a given volume of tasks.
Computational Graphics Processing Unit (computational GPU; cGPU) (Графический процессор-вычислитель) graphic processor-computer, GPU-computer, multi-core GPU used in hybrid supercomputers to perform parallel mathematical calculations; for example, one of the first GPUs in this category contains more than 3 billion transistors 512 CUDA cores and up to 6 GB of memory. [116].
Computational humor (Вычислительный юмор) A branch of computational linguistics and artificial intelligence which uses computers in humor research.
Computational intelligence (CI) (Вычислительный интеллект) Usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation [].
Computational intelligence (CI) (Вычислительный интеллект) Usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation.
Computational intelligence (CI) (Вычислительный интеллект) Usually refers to the ability of a computer to learn a specific task from data or experimental observation.
Computational learning theory (COLT) (Теория вычислительного обучения) In computer science, computational learning theory (or just learning theory) is a subfield of artificial intelligence devoted to studying the design and analysis of machine learning algorithms [117].
Computational linguistics (Компьютерная лингвистика) An interdisciplinary field concerned with the statistical or rule-based modeling of natural language from a computational perspective, as well as the study of appropriate computational approaches to linguistic questions.
Computational mathematics (Вычислительная математика) is the mathematical research in areas of science where computing plays an essential role.
Computational neuroscience (Also theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) (Computational neuroscience (Also theoretical neuroscience or mathematical neuroscience) is a branch of neuroscience which employs mathematical models, theoretical analysis and abstractions of the brain to understand the principles that govern the development, structure, physiology, and cognitive abilities of the nervous system.
Computational number theory (Also algorithmic number theory) (Computational number theory (Also algorithmic number theory) The study of computational methods for researching and solving problems in number theory and arithmetic geometry, including algorithms for checking primality and numerical factorization, finding solutions to Diophantine equations, and explicit methods in arithmetic geometry. Computational number theory has applications to cryptography, including RSA, elliptic curve cryptography, and post-quantum cryptography, and is used to investigate the hypothesis and open problem of number theory, including the Riemann hypothesis, the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer hypothesis, the ABC hypothesis, the modularity hypothesis, the Sato- Tate and explicit aspects of the Langlands program.
Computational problem (Вычислительная задача) In theoretical computer science, a computational problem is a mathematical object representing a collection of questions that computers might be able to solve [118].
Computational statistics (Also statistical computing) (Вычислительная статистика) Computational science is the application of computer science and software engineering principles to solving scientific problems. It involves the use of computing hardware, networking, algorithms, programming, databases and other domain-specific knowledge to design simulations of physical phenomena to run on computers. Computational science crosses disciplines and can even involve the humanities.
Computer engineering (Компьютерный инжиниринг) technologies for digital modeling and design of objects and production processes throughout the life cycle.
Computer incident (Компьютерный инцидент) is a fact of violation and (or) cessation of the operation of a critical information infrastructure object, a telecommunication network used to organize the interaction of such objects, and (or) a violation of the security of information processed by such an object, including as a result of a computer attack.
Computer science (Информатика) The theory, experimentation, and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It involves the study of algorithms that process, store, and communicate digital information. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems. Computer science is the study of computation, automation, and information. Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to practical disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software). Computer science is generally considered an area of academic research and distinct from computer programming [119].
Computer simulation (Компьютерное моделирование) is the process of mathematical modelling, performed on a computer, which is designed to predict the behaviour of, or the outcome of, a real-world or physical system. The reliability of some mathematical models can be determined by comparing their results to the real-world outcomes they aim to predict. Computer simulations have become a useful tool for the mathematical modeling of many natural systems in physics (computational physics), astrophysics, climatology, chemistry, biology and manufacturing, as well as human systems in economics, psychology, social science, health care and engineering [120].
Computer vision (Компьютерное зрение) is scientific discipline, field of technology and the direction of artificial intelligence (AI), which deals with computer processing, recognition, analysis and classification of dynamic images of reality. It is widely used in video surveillance systems, in robotics and in modern industry to improve product quality and production efficiency, comply with legal requirements, etc. In computer vision, the following areas are distinguished: face recognition (face recognition), image recognition (image recognition), augmented reality (augmented reality (AR) and optical character recognition (OCR). Synonyms artificial vision, machine vision
Computer vision processing (CVP, Обработка компьютерного зрения) is the processing of images (signals) in a computer vision system, in computer vision systems about algorithms (computer vision processing algorithms), processors (computer vision processing unit, CVPU), convolutional neural networks (convolutional neural network), which are used for image processing and implementation of visual functions in robotics, real-time systems, smart video surveillance systems, etc.
Computer-Aided Detection/Diagnosis (CAD) (Компьютерная диагностика) Computer-aided detection (CAD), or computer-aided diagnosis (CADx), uses computer programs to assist radiologists in the interpretation of medical images. CAD systems process digital images for typical appearances and highlight suspicious regions in order to support a decision taken by a professional.
Computer-automated design (CAutoD) (Компьютерно-автоматизированное проектирование) Design automation usually refers to electronic design automation, or Design Automation which is a Product Configurator. Extending Computer-Aided Design (CAD), automated design and computer-automated designare concerned with a broader range of applications, such as automotive engineering, civil engineering, composite material design, control engineering, dynamic system identification and optimization, financial systems, industrial equipment, mechatronic systems, steel construction, structural optimisation, and the invention of novel systems. More recently, traditional CAD simulation is seen to be transformed to CAutoD by biologically inspired machine learning, including heuristic search techniques such as evolutionary computation, and swarm intelligence algorithms.