Verification of M.Faraday's hypothesis on the gravitational power lines - Аркадий Трофимович Серков 2 стр.

Although the main works of Faraday belong to electromagnetism, astronomers believe [1] that Faraday also "introduced the concept of gravitational field, which controls the planet in orbit. The sun generates a field around themselves, and the planets and other celestial bodies feel the effect of the field and behave accordingly."

The following article examines the formation of the gravitational field in the fixed and rotating bodies, taking into account the properties of the medium in which the field is realized. Former historical name of this environment ether is for several reasons, little acceptable. Of the modern notation "physical vacuum" and "dark matter" can be the most appropriate to take the first, although it would be desirable appearance of a new term, which expresses the physical feature of the environment, such as "physical environment", " physical medium " or "ph-media".

Rotation of the cosmic body undoubtedly influences on the environment particularly in the orientation of the field power lines in the space. In turn, the environment affects the dynamics of the rotation, causing deceleration. Question interaction of the medium the moving body adequately studied in hydrodynamics in the theory of the formation of dynamic boundary layers. It seems reasonable to consider this experience when considering the rotation of celestial bodies in the environment of the physical vacuum.

2. The properties of the physical vacuum

In addition to continuity properties and properties when the "vacuum fluctuations, introducing virtual particles may exert pressure on the body," described in the literature [2], based on indirect evidence suggests that the physical vacuum is a viscous-elastic body whose properties can be characterized by the value of modulus and viscosity coefficient.

In materials science for objects with extremely high elastic properties are widely used methods for determining the modulus of elasticity of materials on the propagation velocity of ultrasonic waves. The higher the speed of propagation of ultrasound is the higher modulus material. The velocity of propagation of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation in the physical vacuum is very high, respectively, 2,998.10*10 and 2,3.10*8 cm / s. Consequently, we can assume that the physical vacuum as the medium in which the radiation propagates, has a high modulus of elasticity.

As for the viscous properties of the physical vacuum, they are similar to the rotational viscometer can be detected by slowing the speed of rotation of celestial bodies. Be reliably defined for the Earth and is about 0,001s for 100 years. This is secular slowing down the speed of rotation of the Earth. It is usually explained by the action of tidal forces of the Moon and the Sun. However, the inhibitory effect of the viscosity of the physical vacuum (physical environment) is also quite likely.

Another well-known fact testifies to delay the speed of rotation of celestial bodies in the process of evolution a decrease in the rate of rotation of stars in the Main sequence. It is assumed that at the initial stage of evolution the equatorial rotation speed of the stars reaches 10 100 km / s. At the stage at which the Sun is located, it is 2 km / s, and continued to decrease until the release of the Main sequence.

Consider the possibility of quantifying the approximate viscous braking of the rotating cosmic body due to its shear interaction with the physical environment (physical vacuum).

Figure 1 show a diagram of this interaction, which can be used to calculate the "viscosity" of the physical vacuum. Rotating cosmic body (1) with a radius R slows its rotation under the effect of tangential force f, which is caused by the viscous resistance of the surrounding physical environment (physical vacuum). The linear velocity of the medium at the equator is the linear velocity of the body v. As the distance from the center of the body linear velocity of the medium due to its viscosity decreases to zero at the boundary of the action of the gravitational field of a rotating body at a distance Rg. To calculate the viscosity can use the Newton's law:

where f  tangential force, causing the shear of the physical environment, μ viscosity coefficient, Δv / ΔR  velocity gradient and s  area of the layer on which there is a shear.

Using the expressions (1) to and date on the slow the rotation speed of the Earth earlier [3] was calculated the viscosity of the physical vacuum and then after the resulting viscosity a value was estimated the deceleration of the Sun rotation speed.

Fig. 1. Scheme of braking speed rotation of the cosmic body due to the viscosity of the physical vacuum: 1  rotating body, 2  border effect of the gravitational field of a rotating body, f  tangential braking force, v  equatorial velocity, R  radius of the body, Rg  radius of the sphere of action of the gravitational field formed body.

Also, based on indirect evidence can be seen on the property of the physical vacuum, undergo longitudinal and shear deformation. Moreover, due to the high modulus tensile longitudinal strain apparently is small. Shear deformation occurs during the formation of gravitational waves, which, by analogy with electromagnetic are apparently cross.

3. The gravitational field of a stationary body

Cosmic body creates around itself a force field the gravitational field. The main characteristic is its gravitational strength tension at any point. It characterizes the force which acts on a point located in this different body. The tension is given by:

where g the field strength (tension), F gravitational force, m mass of the test body made to the field.

The gravitational field can be described analytically by calculating it's intensity for each point of the field or graphically, causing tension in the plot line or field lines. An example of a graphic image of the gravitational field is shown in Figure 2. Power lines or tension lines (1) begin at cosmic body (2) and extend into the surrounding space according to the formula (2) to infinity. When interacted many bodies the line tension can take a curved shape and then on the graph the field strength can be characterized by density of the location of power lines.

Fig.2. Schematic representation of the gravitational field: 1 line tension (power line), 2 cosmic body.

In accordance with the above concept to consider the surrounding physical environment induced in her gravitational field as elastic-viscous body can be assumed that this body has the ability to tensile strain and shear. The greatest interest is the shear deformation, which during rotation of the body can cause a concentric orientation of the force lines and thus reduce the resistance of the field orbital motion space bodies.

4. The gravitational field of a rotating body

The interaction of a rotating body with elastic-viscous gravitational field, like other elastic-viscous fluids (liquids, gases) can be considered within the theory of dynamic boundary layers. However, with a persistent finding in the literature [4], it is almost not possible to find data on formation the boundary layers the rotating bodies.

The closest well-studied case can be considered a tear flow when the fluid flow separates from the surface of the curved shape. At the front of the body curved shape (Fig. 3) the flow velocity in the boundary layer decreases from the value v

0

Fig. 3. The scheme of formation of separated flow around the flow body with a curved generatrix: v

0

Given that according to the accepted concept to consider the gravitational field as a viscous-elastic medium, we can assume that during the rotation of a celestial body around it will produce dynamic laminar layer δ, the thickness of which will depend on the mass and speed of its rotation and to meet space scale (tens to hundreds of thousands of miles).

Figure 4 provides a diagram of the dynamic boundary layer (2) of the gravitational field on the surface of a rotating spherical celestial body (1). The body rotates at a linear velocity v

0

o

Fig.4. The formation of a boundary layer δ around the rotating sphere: 1 rotating sphere, 2 laminar boundary layer, 3 turbulent boundary layer, v

o

At point s on the boundary layer, there are several forces that seek to tear it from the body surface. Most of this is centrifugal force f

c

v

i

g

For a laminar boundary layer lies a turbulent layer δ

t

Of great importance is the velocity gradient in the boundary layer. Thanks to the difference of the layer velocity will be concentric (tangential) orientation of the force lines that will lead to such changes in the properties of the gravitational field in which the orbital moving body will not cross the power lines and expend energy on their intersection. Due to the concentric orientation of the power lines appear energetically favorable orbit on which the appeal cosmic bodies will be without energy consumption.

Conclusions

1. The considering the characteristics of the gravitational field of stationary and rotating celestial bodies proceeded from the hypothesis M Faraday that "the Sun generates a field around itself, and the planets and other celestial bodies feel the influence of the field and behave accordingly."

2. The gravitational field of a celestial body is implemented in the physical environment (ether, vacuum, dark matter) and is considered as a viscous-elastic body, which can be characterized by several properties: module tension, viscosity, anisotropic structure, the ability to shear deformation.

3. Shear strain field during the rotation of the body takes in to account the regularities of the dynamics of boundary layers formation, in its particular case separated flow. Given the balance of forces, in which a separated flow is realized with the formation of a boundary layer on the surface of the rotation body.

4. The velocity gradient in the boundary layer leads to a concentric orientation of the power lines of the gravitational field. The area with the maximum orientation of the power lines characterized by minimal resistance to movement of the orbiting body and is treated as an allowed orbit.

Literature

1. Force field. Published 21.12.2012 | By Astronomer

2. www.sciteclibrary.ru/rus/catalog/pages/4903.html

3. A.Serkov, Hypotheses, Moscow, Ed.LLC SIC "Uglekhimvolokno", 1998, S. 73.

4. www.aerodriving.ru

Chapter 2. Gravimagnetic braking of celestial bodies

1. Introduction

"Does the gravitational field of the similarity with magnetic? Turn any electrical charge, and you get a magnetic field. Turn any mass, and, according to Einstein, you have to detect very weak effect, something similar to magnetism" is so popular NASA has justified the need to launch several satellites to detect effects of gravimagnetism. We are talking about the launch of the satellite gravity probe B (Gravity Probe B), in which gravimagnetic effect is expected to detect at the exact precession of gyroscopes mounted on the satellite [1]. In another experiment (frame-dragging), associated with the launch of two geodynamic satellites Lageos-1 and Lageos-2 (LAGEOS and LAGEOS II), it was shown [2] that the precession was only 20 % of the level predicted by the theory.

Gravimagnetic effect can be detected not only by the precession of gyroscopes or "rotating frame", but also for deceleration or acceleration of the satellite depending on the direction of the force lines of the gravitational field and the direction of motion of gravitating bodies. Seems anomalies in the movement of the "Pioneers" in their acceleration or deceleration depending on the position in respect of gravitating bodies are also a consequence of gravimagnetic interaction [3].

In this work the effect of gravimagnetism is considered on the example of anomalously high speed braking satellites of the moon and the laws of planetary and satellite distances, which, as it turns out, is also related to gravimagnetism through the rotation parameters central bodies.

2. Gravimagnetic power

Continuing the analogy with electrodynamics, braking force when interacting gravitating bodies can be expressed by the formula similar to the known electrodynamics equation of the Lorentz force:

Where f is the force gravimagnetic interaction of bodies with masses M and m, remote distance r squared and moving relative to each other with velocity v in the direction at an angle α to the intensity vector gravimagnetic field, G is a gravitational constant and C is a constant with the dimension of velocity cm/sec. This will Illustrate scheme, see 1 a and b.

Fig.1. Scheme of occurrence gravimagnetic forces: (a) a body with mass m, moving with velocity v in a gravitational field G, generates gravimagnetic field intensity H and the force f; (b) gravimagnetic force f (perpendicular to the plane of the drawing up) has a maximum value when α2 = 90° and sinα = 1, the reduction of the angle α leads to a decrease in f, if α = 0 the force f is also zero.

Body m moves in a gravitational field G with velocity v at right angles to the power lines, Fig. 1a. The movement body m causes gravimagnetic field intensity H, the vector of which is directed normal to the vector of gravitational field strength G and the direction of body motion v. In this case, the moving body m will act normal to the direction of motion and the vector gravimagnetic tension braking force f. The magnitude of this force depends on the angle between the motion direction and the intensity vector gravimagnetic field H, see Fig.1 b. At α = 90° Sinα = 1, and the force f has a maximum value. When decreasing α below 90° decreases f and when α = 0 the braking gravimagnetic force disappears. The body moves in gravimagnetic field without resistance and energy consumption.