31
Ryan Calo, Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw, California Law Review 103, no. 3 (2015): 513563.
32
Ian Kerr, Bots, Babes and the Californication of Commerce, Ottawa Law and Technology Journal 1 (2004): 285325.
33
Rachel Lerman, Be Wary of Robot Emotions; Simulated Love Is Never Love, Phys.org, April 26, 2019, https://phys.org/news/2019-04-wary-r0b0t-em0ti0ns-simulated.html.
34
Natasha Dow Schull, Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014); Ryan Calo, Digital Market Manipulation, George Washington Law Review 82 (2014): 995; Neil Richards, The Dangers of Surveillance, Harvard Law Review 126 (2019): 1934.
35
Mark Andrejevic, Automating Surveillance, Surveillance and Society 17 (2019): 7.
36
Neil Selwyn, Distrusting Educational Technology: Critical Questions for Changing Times (New York: Routledge, 2014).
37
Laurence H. Tribe, Channeling Technology through Law (Chicago: Bracton, 1973).
38
Deborah G. Johnson, The Role of Ethics in Science and Technology, Cell 29 (2010): 589590; Deborah G.Johnson, Software Agents, Anticipatory Ethics, and Accountability, in The Growing Gap between Emerging Technologies and Legal-Ethical Oversight, eds. Gary E. Marchant, Braden R. Allenby, and Joseph R. Herkert (New York: Spring, 2011), 6176; Ari Ezra Waldman, Privacy as Trust (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2018).
39
Mary Flanagan and Helen Nissenbaum, Values at Play in Digital Games (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2014).
40
См., например: Ann Cavoukian, Privacy by Design: The 7 Foundational Principles, Office of the Information and Privacy Commissioner of Canada (2009).
41
Дополнительную информацию по вопросам конфиденциальности, возникающим в связи с роботами и предсказательной аналитикой, см. в: Drew Simshaw, Nicolas Terry, Kris Hauser, and M. L. Cummings, Regulating Healthcare Robots: Maximizing Opportunities while Minimizing Risks, Richmond Journal of Law and Technology 27, no. 3 (2016): 1-38, 3. Об интеграции права и принципов проектирования с целью эффективного извещения см.: Ari Ezra Waldman, Privacy, Notice, and Design, Stanford Technology Law Review 21, no. 1 (2018): 129184.
42
Эту стратегию аргументации Хуфнегл называет «карточной колодой отрицателей». См.: Christopher Jay Hoofnagle, The Denialists Deck of Cards: An Illustrated Taxonomy of Rhetoric Used to Frustrate Consumer Protection Efforts, ScienceBlogs, February 9, 2007, https:// scienceblogs.com/denialism/the- denialists- deck- of- cards.
43
Frank Pasquale, Technology, Competition, and Values, Minnesota Journal of Law, Science, and Technology 8 (2007): 607622; Peter Asaro, Jus Nascendi, Robotic Weapons and the Martens Clause, in Robot Law, eds. Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin, and Ian Kerr (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2016), 367386.
44
Frank Pasquale, Technology, Competition, and Values, Minnesota Journal of Law, Science, and Technology 8 (2007): 607622.
45
См., например: Kenneth Anderson and Matthew C. Waxman, Law and Ethics for Autonomous Weapon Systems: Why a Ban Wont Work and How the Laws of War Can, Hoover Institution Stanford University Task Force on XationalSecurity and Law (2013), где дается ответ на кампанию «Остановить роботов-убийц» (Campaign to Stop Killer Robots).
46
P. W. Singer, Wiredfor War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century (New York: Penguin, 2009), 435.
47
Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Spiritual Machines (New York: Penguin, 1999).
48
Rebecca Crootof, A Meaningful F100r for Meaningful Human Control, Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 30 (2016): 5362; Paul Scharre, Centaur Warfighting: The False Choice of Humans vs. Automation, Temple International and Comparative Law Journal 30 (2016): 151166.
49
Jeffrey L. Caton, Autonomous Weapon Systems: A Brief Survey of Developmental, Operational, Legal, and Ethical Issues (Carlisle, PA: US Army War College Press, 2015); Liang Qiao and Xiangsui Wang, Unrestricted Warfare: Chinas Master Plan to Destroy America, trans. Al Santoli (Panama City: Pan American Publishing, 2000).
50
Проекты по анализу лиц, упомянутые в этом абзаце, критикуются в работе: Frank Pasquale, When Machine Learning is Facially Invalid, Communications of the ACM 61, no. 9 (2018): 2527.
51
David Castlevecchi, Can We Open the Black Box of Al? Scientific American, October 5, 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/ article/can-we-open-the-black-box-of-ai/.
52
Jennifer Kavanagh and Michael D. Rich, Truth Decay: An Initial Exploration of the Diminishing Role of Facts and Analysis in American Public Life, Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation, 2018, https://www.rand. org/pubs/research_reports/RR23i4.html; Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis, Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online (New York: Data and Society, 2017), https://datasociety.net/pubs/oh/DataAndSocie-ty_MediaManipulationAndDisinformationOnline.pdf.
53
О различии между речью и поведении см., например: Claudia Haupt, Professional Speech, Yale Law Journal 125, no. 5 (2016): 12381303.
54
Как показывает Джил Эйал, экспертные знания вполне могут существовать вне эксперта, не только в виде набора пропозиционально выраженных знаний, но и в качестве институтов. См.: Gil Eyal, The Crisis of Expertise (Medford, MA: Polity Press, 2019).
55
Alex (Sandy) Pentland, Honest Signals: How They Shape Our World (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2008), где обсуждаются социометрические индикаторы.
56
См.: Andrew Abbott, The System of Professions: An Essay on the Division of Expert Labor (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014); Eliot Freidson, Professionalism, The Third Logic: On the Practice of Knowledge (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).
57
Подробное обсуждение «автоматизации добродетели» см. в: Ian Kerr, Digital Locks and the Automation of Virtue, in From Radical Extremism to Balanced Copyright: Canadian Copyright and the Digital Agenda, ed. Michael Geist (Toronto: Irwin Law, 2010), 247303.
58
Hope Reese, Updated: Autonomous Driving Levels о to 5: Understanding the Differences, TechRepublic, January 20, 2016, http:// www.techrepublic.com/article/autonomous-driving-levels-o-to-5-understanding-the-differences/.
59
Кэти ОНил, Убийственные большие данные: как математика превратилась в оружие массового поражения (Москва: ACT, 2018); Frank Pasquale, The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015); Da-nah Boyd and Kate Crawford, Critical Questions for Big Data: Provocations for a Cultural, Technological, and Scholarly Phenomenon. Information, Communication, and Society 15, no. 5 (2012): 662679.
60
Bryant Walker Smith, How Governments Can Promote Automated Driving, New Mexico Law Review 47 (2017): 99-138.
61
Ibid., 114.
62
Я привожу здесь лишь очевидные примеры. Подробное описание будущей работы, сосредоточенное в основном на приспособлении к новой технологии, см. в: Thomas Frey, 55 Jobs of the Future, Futurist Speaker, November 11, 2011, http://www.futu-ristspeaker.com/business-trends/55-jobs-of-the-future/.
63
US Department of Transportation, Federal Automated Vehicles Policy: Accelerating the Next Revolution in Roadway Safety (September 2016), 9, https://www.transportation.gov/AV/federal-automated-vehicles-policy-september-2016.
64
Критическую роль будут играть правила, определяющие ответственность. См.: Marc Canellas and Rachel Haga, Unsafe at Any Level: The U. S. NHTSAs Levels of Automation Are a Liability for Automated Vehicles, Communications of the ACM 63, no. 3 (2020): 3134.
65
Чисто технологические проблемы тоже не так-то просто решить. См.: Roberto Baldwin, Self-Driving Cars are Taking Longer to Build Than Everyone Thought, Car and Driver, May 10, 2020, https://www.caranddriver.com/features/a32266303/self-driving-cars-are-taking-longer-to-build-than-everyone-thought/.
66
Al Now Institute, Al Now 201g Report, December 2019, 8, 4547, https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_Now_2019_Report.pdf.
67
Henry Mance, Britain Has Had Enough of Experts, says Gove, Financial Times, June 3, 2016, https://www.ft.com/ content/3be49734-29cb-ne6-83e4-abc22d5dio8c.
68
Gil Eyal, The Crisis of Expertise (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 2019), 20.
69
По воспоминаниям генерала Рэймонда Томаса (Главное управление войск специального назначения США), который упомянул, что это было сказано ему в июле 2016 г. Эриком Шмидтом, председателем правления Google. См.: Kate Conger and Cade Metz, T Could Solve Most of Your Problems: Eric Schmidts Pentagon Offensive, Xew York Times, May 2, 2020, https://www.nytimes. com/2020/05/02/technology/eric-schmidt-pentagon-google.html.
70
Will Davies, Elite Power under Advanced Neoliberalism, Theory, Culture and Society 34, nos. 56 (2017): 233.
71
Я считаю, что эта интеграция демократических и экспертокра-тических ценностей может стать ключом к решению проблемы разделения между «диггерами» и «левеллерами» в исследованиях науки и технологии, которую отчетливо сформулировал Филип Мировски в своей недавней работе: Philip Mirowski, Democracy, Expertise and the Post-truth Era: An Inquiry into the Contemporary Politics of STS, (working paper, version 1.1, April 2020), https://www.academia.edu/42682483/Democracy_Expertise_ and_the_Post-Truth_Era_An_Inquiry_into_the_Contemporary_ Politics_of_STS.
72
Hubert L. Dreyfus, What Computers Still Cant Do (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1992).
73
Gert Р. Westert, Stef Groenewoud, John E.Wennberg, Catherine Gerard, Phil DaSilva, Femke Atsma, and David 0. Goodman, Medical Practice Variation: Public Reporting a First Necessary Step to Spark Change, International Journal for Quality in Health Care 30, no. 9 (2018): 731735, https://doi.org/1o.1093/intqhc/mzyo92.
74
Anna B. Laakmann, When Should Physicians Be Liable for Innovation? Cardozo Law Review 36 (2016): 913968.
75
Andy Kiersz, These Are the Industries Most Likely to Be Taken Over by Robots, World Economic Forum, April 25, 2019, https://www. weforum.org/agenda/2019/o4/these-are-the-industries-most-likely-to-be-taken-over-by-robots; Andrew Berg, Edward F. Buffie, and Luis-Felipe Zanna, Should We Fear the Robot Revolution? (The Correct Answer Is Yes), IMF Working Paper WP/18/116, May 21, 2018, https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2018/o5/21/Should-We-Fear-the-Robot-Revolution-The-Correct-Answer-is-Yes-44923.
76
Петро Домингос, Верховный алгоритм: как машинное обучение изменит наш мир (Москва: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2016).
77
Hugo Duncan, Robots to Steal 15 Million of Your Jobs, Says Bank Chief: Doom-Laden Carney Warns Middle Classes Will Be Hollowed Out by New Technology, Daily Mail, December 5, 2008, http://www. dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4oo3756/Robots-steal-15m-jobs-says-bank-chief-Doom-laden-Carney-warns-middle-classes-hollowed-new-technology.html#ixzz4SDCt2Pql.
78
См., например: Clayton M.M. Christensen, Curtis W. Johnson, and Michael B. Horn, Disrupting Class (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008); and Clayton M. Christensen, Jerome Grossman, and Jason Hwang, The Innovators Prescription: A Disruptive Solution for Health Care (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2009), где исследуются прорывные инновации в области здравоохранения.
79
Kenneth Scheve and David Stasavage, Taxing the Rich: A History of Fiscal Fairness in the United States and Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2016).
80
Alondra Nelson, Society after Pandemic, Items: Insights from the Social Sciences, April 23, 2020, at https://items.ssrc.org/covid-19-and-the-social-sciences/society-after-pandemic/. Джон Ури также утверждает, что «исследования будущего должны стать частью социальных наук, а также в определенной мере частью повседневной жизни». См.: Джон Урри, Как выглядит будущее? (Москва: Издательский дом «Дело» РАНХиГС, 2018), Urry, What Is the Future? (Malden: Polity, 2016), 1718.
81
Джозеф Вейценбаум, Возможности вычислительных машин и человеческий разум: от суждений к вычислениям (Москва: Радио и связь, 1982).
82
Aaron Smith and Monica Anderson, Automation in Everyday Life (Washington, DC: Pew Research Center, October 4, 2017), https:// www.pewinternet.org/2017/1o/o4/automation-in-everyday-life/.