The panels essentially act as roof shades. Rather than the sun beating down onto the roof, ___ (C), photovoltaic panels take the solar beating. Then much of the heat is removed by wind blowing between the panels and the roof. The benefits are greater if there is an open gap ___ (D), so tilted panels provide more cooling. Also, the more efficient the solar panels, the bigger the cooling effect. For the building researchers analyzed, the panels reduced the amount of heat reaching the roof by about 38 percent.
Although the measurements took place over a limited period of time, the team developed a model that allows them to extrapolate their findings to predict cooling effects throughout the year.
For example, in winter, the panels would keep the sun from heating up the building. But at night, they would also keep in ___ (E).
There are more efficient ways to passively cool buildings ___ (F). But, if you are considering installing solar photovoltaic, depending on your roof thermal properties, you can expect a large reduction in the amount of energy you use to cool your residence or business.
1. which causes heat to be pushed through the roof
2. where air can circulate between the building and the solar panel
3. that are flush with the roof
4. such as reflective roof membranes
5. reducing heating costs in the winter
6. that was not covered with panels
7. whatever heat accumulated inside
***
Ответ . A B C D E F
***
Прочитайте текст и выполните задания 1218. В каждом задании запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
Missing
Since he was a boy, Sean Ireton has been an ardent hiker, climbing mountain trails all over the world. Even on family trips, it was typical for him to take a day by himself to knock off a tempting peak. In January 2009, he and his wife, Megan, planned a two-week backpacking adventure in Spain with their son, Aidan. They took off in December and spent their days touring and hiking in the southern mountains, making time to sample the regional cuisine and enjoy the countrys robust red wines along the way. Sean was looking forward especially to a solo hike on El Mulhacen, a rocky knob in Spains Sierra Nevada and, at 3478m, the highest peak on the Spanish mainland. From Mulhacen on a clear day you could see all the way across the Mediterranean to Morocco.
When they got near Pradollano, a ski village near Mulhacen, the family pitched their tent in the woods. At this time of year, the mountains snowy trails were well packed and straightforward, requiring a hiker to travel at only a moderate clip to reach Mulhacens broad summit in about four hours. Early the next morning, Sean put on several layers of warm clothes and set out under a purple and golden sunrise.
Now it was dark, and Seans wife and son lay in their tent and worried. «When is Dad coming back?» Aidan asked Megan over and over. «Why isnt he back yet?»
«Hell be back soon, sweetie,» his mother reassured him. In the past her husband had returned late from excursions. But this was pushing it, so sometime after midnight, Megan got up and took Aidan into town to look for help. The ordinarily lively village was deserted, the motionless chairlifts hanging eerily in the dark. Megan didnt speak Spanish, and a hotel clerks directions just sent them in circles. They had to wait till morning. «Aidan was so upset,» Megan recalls. «He sensed something was wrong. He had that childs intuition.»
Sean had neared Mulhacens summit by mid-afternoon but turned around a few hundred metres from the top when the trail became dangerously steep and icy. Clouds blew in as he descended, and he veered off track. By the time he realised his mistake, daylight was fading, and it had begun to drizzle. «I was getting wet, and it was growing dark fast,» he recalls. Luckily, he spied a crude stone shelter nearby. «I didnt want to get lost and end up on the other side of the mountain, so I decided to spend the night in the hut.»
Inside, it was dark and clammy, but there was a table, wooden bunks, and even some foam padding for a bed. Sean ate a chocolate bar from his backpack, and settled in. It would be an easy hike back to camp in the morning, and he imagined his familys relief when he returned unharmed.
Sean was on foot again by 6 a.m., tracking his way across a broad bowl and up a steep, snowy slope. On the other side of the ridge there was the ski area, and from there he could practically jog down the slopes. He made good progress until a storm suddenly swept over the ridge and nearly blew him off his feet. In minutes, he was caught in a white-out. «If I can just make the ridge, Im home free,» Sean thought, as he powered forward, bending against the gale.
But the ridge never appeared, and Sean knew it was crazy to stay on the exposed slope. Hed have to find an alternative route. He had no idea where he was but thought he could make out a trail still farther below.
Sean studied the snow in front of him. It looked hard and slick. He regretted that he hadnt brought his crampons sharp spikes that attach to hiking boots or an ice axe, which would have helped ensure safe passage. All he had was a pair of trekking poles. He reached out a foot to test the frozen surface and gradually brought his weight down. For a moment, he balanced but then his feet shot out from under him, and he began tumbling down the steep slope. He accelerated as he fell, rolling wildly over rocks and snow. When he came to rest, far below from where he had stood, he was in a seated position as if hed just plopped down to have a snack. It would have been comical if he hadnt been so stunned.
He sat for a while and gathered his wits. He was wearing only a ski hat but his head seemed OK. Then Sean looked down at his legs. The long underwear covering his left leg was shredded, and bright red blood soaked the abraded flesh around his kneecap.
He gingerly inspected the wound. With effort, he got back on his feet, but his injured leg buckled beneath him, and he fell face-first into the snow. He felt a hot surge of alarm. He was kilometres away from help, and certainly no one would come through this area for days, maybe weeks. He sat in the snow, on the verge of despair.
12. The main aim of Seans visit to Spain was
1) to climb the highest peak on the Spanish mainland.
2) touring and walking.
3) to try the regional cuisine.
4) to enjoy the countrys robust red wines.
Ответ:
13. At that time of year, the mountains snowy trails were
14. Megan and Aidan had to wait till morning because
1) Megan didnt speak Spanish.
2) the chairlifts didnt work at night.
3) they couldnt find any help.
4) a hotel clerks directions were wrong.
15. Sean
1) reached Mulhacens summit by mid-afternoon.
2) lost his way.
3) descended until dawn.
4) decided to spend the night in the wooden hut.
Ответ:
.
16. Sean could not make the ridge because
1) it was too far.
2) he was very tired.
3) of a blizzard.
4) of a strong wind and poor visibility.
Ответ:
17. Sean fell down the slope because
1) a strong wind was blowing.
2) the slope was too steep.
3) he didnt have special equipment.
4) he didnt use his trekking poles.
18. While falling, Sean
По окончании выполнения заданий 1018 не забудьте перенести свои ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ 1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов на задания 10 и 11 цифры записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.
Раздел 3. Грамматика и лексика
Прочитайте приведённые ниже тексты. Преобразуйте, если необходимо, слова, напечатанные заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 1924, так, чтобы они грамматически соответствовали содержанию текстов. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 1924.
The News on TV
19. Before television, people often ___________ to the cinema to watch the news. GO
20. In those days, they ___________ also listen to the news on the radio but they werent able to see anything. CAN
21. Of course, newspapers ___________ people the news for hundreds of years. GIVE
22. Even today, however, a daily newspaper gives ___________ readers yesterdays news and the only pictures are photographs. IT
23. The introduction of television ___________ the daily news, with moving pictures, into peoples homes for the first time. BRING
24. In the beginning, people ___________ the news on TV whenever they wanted it, because it was only broadcast at certain times of the day. NOT GET
Прочитайте приведённый ниже текст. Образуйте от слов, напечатанных заглавными буквами в конце строк, обозначенных номерами 2529, однокоренные слова так, чтобы они грамматически и лексически соответствовали содержанию текста. Заполните пропуски полученными словами. Каждый пропуск соответствует отдельному заданию из группы 2529.
Mary Celeste
25. What happened to the ship the Mary Celeste is a mystery that remains unsolved to this day. Built in 1861, the ship was ___________ called the Amazon ORIGIN
26. But its name was changed to the Mary Celeste in 1869. The Mary Celeste left New York for Italy on 7th November 1872 with a crew of seven professional ___________ and the captains wife and daughter. SAIL
27. On 4th December, another ship, the Dei Gratia, spotted the Mary Celeste drifting in the sea. To the crews ______________, they discovered that everyone on ASTONISH
28. the Mary Celeste had ___________ disappeared. COMPLETE
29._ There was plenty of food and water on board and the ship was in _________ condition. EXCELLENCE
There were no signs of a struggle or fight.
***
Прочитайте текст с пропусками, обозначенными номерами 3036. Эти номера соответствуют заданиям 3036, в которых представлены возможные варианты ответов. Запишите в поле ответа цифру 1, 2, 3 или 4, соответствующую выбранному Вами варианту ответа.
The Old Friend
Dear Claire,
It was wonderful to receive your e-mail yesterday. I cant believe its over six years since we were last in touch. How time flies! It was great to hear all your news, and thank you so much for attaching those photos of you and the family. You havent aged a bit, and look as beautiful as ever! Im still living in the same flat in Rome, but it looks very different to when you were here last. Ive totally redecorated and knocked the wall through from the kitchen to the living room to make a large living 30 ___________. Its a lot more comfortable for me because and this is my other big news I now work from home as a full-time writer! You remember that novel I always said I was writing? Well, I finished it, sent it off to a publisher and it was accepted for publication. This was about three years ago. The book 31___________ out in hardback first and got some fairly good reviews in the Sunday newspapers in the UK, and last year they produced a paperback 32 ___________! Can you believe it? Im not rich yet by any means, but I am earning enough from royalties to have been able to 33 ___________ my job. Im now hard at work on my second novel lets just hope it doesnt take as long to write as the first one! Actually, its 34 ___________ well and I hope to have finished it within the next six months or so.
Ill be coming over to the UK the first week of next month. Id love to meet up! Let me know when youre free and well arrange it. I can either come over to your 35 ___________ and meet the family, or maybe just you and I can go out to dinner somewhere and 36 ___________ up on old times. Whatever you prefer. Ill be staying at a hotel in London and will only have a couple of meetings while Im there, so I should be free most of the time. Let me know, and see you soon, I hope!
Lots of love,
Celine
По окончании выполнения заданий 1936 не забудьте перенести свои ответы в БЛАНК ОТВЕТОВ 1! Запишите ответ справа от номера соответствующего задания, начиная с первой клеточки. При переносе ответов на задания 1929 буквы записываются без пробелов, запятых и других дополнительных символов. Каждую букву или цифру пишите в отдельной клеточке в соответствии с приведёнными в бланке образцами.
Проверьте, чтобы каждый ответ был записан рядом с номером соответствующего задания.
Раздел 4. Письменная речь
Для ответов на задания 37 и 38 используйте бланк ответов 2. Черновые пометки можно делать прямо на листе с заданиями или использовать отдельный черновик. При выполнении заданий 37 и 38 особое внимание обратите на то, что Ваши ответы будут оцениваться только по записям, сделанным в БЛАНКЕ ОТВЕТОВ 2. Никакие записи черновика не будут учитываться экспертом. Обратите внимание также на необходимость соблюдения указанного объёма текста. Тексты недостаточного объёма, а также часть текста, превышающая требуемый объём, не оцениваются. Укажите номер задания 37 в БЛАНКЕ ОТВЕТОВ 2 и напишите текст своего ответного электронного письма зарубежному другу по переписке.
37. You have received an email message from your English-speaking pen-friend Mary:
From: Mary@mail.uk
To: Russian_friend@oge.ru
Subject: Food
I never eat breakfast, just like my mother. Do you have any special eating habits and what are they? What do you usually have for lunch at school? Can you give me the recipe of the dish you often cook yourself?
Last Saturday, our family went to the zoo
Write an email to Mary.
In your message:
answer his questions;
ask 3 questions about the zoo.
Write 100140 words.
Remember the rules of email writing.
***
Выберите только ОДНО из двух предложенных заданий (38.1 или 38.2), укажите его номер в БЛАНКЕ ОТВЕТОВ 2 и выполните согласно данному плану. В ответе на задание 38 числительные пишите цифрами.
38.1 Imagine that you are doing a project on why people in Zetland prefer living in the countryside. You have found some data on the subject the results of the opinion polls (see the table below).
Comment on the data in the table and give your opinion on the subject of the project.
The opinion poll question:
Why do you prefer living in the countryside?
Write 200250 words.
Use the following plan:
make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
select and report 23 facts;
make 12 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
outline a problem that can arise with living in the countryside and suggest a way of solving it;
conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the advantages of living in the countryside.
***
38.2 Imagine that you are doing a project on on why public transport is popular with people in Zetland. You have found some data on the subject the results оf the opinion polls (see the pie chart below).
Comment on the data in the pie chart and give your opinion on the subject of the project.
The opinion poll question:
Why public transport is better than the other means?
Write 200250 words.
Use the following plan:
make an opening statement on the subject of the project;
select and report 23 facts;
make 12 comparisons where relevant and give your comments;
outline a problem that one can face travelling by public transport and suggest a way of solving it;
conclude by giving and explaining your opinion on the importance of public transport.
Проверьте, чтобы каждый ответ был записан рядом с номером соответствующего задания.
Test 13. Устная часть
Task 1
Imagine that you are preparing a project with your friend. You have found some interesting material for the presentation and you want to read this text to your friend. You have 1.5 minutes to read the text silently, then be ready to read it out aloud. You will not have more than 1.5 minutes to read it.