Exercise 10. In the following text about Whitney Houston, turn the sentence pairs into single compound sentences, each with a coordinating conjunction. You can rearrange or add words in the sentence to make it sound better, but only if it's necessary.
Model:
As a teenager, Whitney Houston performed as a back-up singer for Chaka Khan. She also had a successful modeling career by the time she was twenty.
As a teenager, Whitney Houston both performed as a back-up singer for Chaka Khan; and she had a successful modeling career.
As a teenager, Whitney Houston performed as a back-up singer for Chaka Khan. She also had a successful modeling career by the time she was twenty. In nineteen eighty three, Clive Davis, the head of Arista records, heard Whitney Houston singing in New York City. He offered her a recording agreement soon after. The album Whitney Houston had seven number one hit singles. It remains the biggest-selling first album by any artist. The singer followed that success with another. Her album Whitney sold twenty million copies. It also made her the first female artist to enter the Billboard Top Two Hundred at number one. Whitney Houston was clearing a path of recognition for women artists. However, her next professional move was her most important. She recorded the soundtrack for and starred in The Bodyguard, in nineteen ninety-two. Kevin Costner played opposite White Houston in the movie. It is the story of a relationship between a pop music star and a former secret service agent who protects her. The movie was a big hit, making more than four hundred million dollars in ticket sales worldwide. But the films popularity did not even come close to the success of the album that went with it. The Bodyguard is the fourth highest selling album of all time. Forty-four million copies have been sold. Among the singles is I Will Always Love You, a song written and recorded earlier by Dolly Parton. Whitney Houstons version sold many more copies. In nineteen ninety-two, Whitney Houstons personal life also grew. She married singer Bobby Brown, of the band New Edition. The marriage surprised many people both in and outside the music industry. Bobby Brown was considered an industry bad boy. Meanwhile Whitney Houston had an innocence that led to her nickname the prom queen of soul. She and Bobby Brown had a daughter, Bobbi Kristina, in nineteen ninety-three. In the late nineteen nineties, Whitney Houstons professional behavior began to come under question. She began to cancel shows and was late for important events. Her appearance changed; she lost weight and looked unhealthy. Her voice also was suffering. Many reports said she was abusing drugs and alcohol.
Exercise 11. Also, try writing your own compound sentences using different coordinating conjunctions. For additional practice, use new vocabulary from a recent class.
Exercise 12. Tell what you like and dislike most of all, using ten simple sentences. Tell the same story, using ten compound sentences.
Complex Sentence
1. A complex sentence is a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause (that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence). A complex sentence is often used to make clear which ideas are most important, and which ideas are dependent.
Model:
The people slipped into dejection under the seemingly endless rain that pelted down day after day.
a) The people slipped into dejection under the seemingly endless rain (main idea); b) that pelted down day after day (subordinate idea).
2. The subordinate clauses function grammatically as subject, object, predicative, attribute or adverbial modifier in a main clause. Accordingly, there are five types of subordinate clauses: the subject clause, the predicative clause, the attributive clause, the object clause, and several types of adverbial clauses.
Models:
It is obligatory that we finish this assignment before class ends (the subject clause).
A law of physics is that energy in any system cannot be created or destroyed (the predicative clause).
Artificial intelligence is concerned with designing computer systems that perform such tasks as learning new skills (the attributive clause).
Robert Merton studied how society influences the development of science (the object clause).
Because the world is getting warmer, polar bears are in danger of becoming extinct (the adverbial clause).
3. Complex sentences can contain two or more subordinate clauses, besides the principal clause:
Model:
I knew a man, who believed that, if a man were permitted to make the ballads, he shouldnt care who made the laws of the nation.
a) I knew a man (the principal clause); b) who believed (the attributive clause); c) if a man were admitted to make the ballads (the adverbial clause); d) that he shouldnt care (the object clause); e) who made the laws of the nation (the object clause).
A subordinate clause may follow, precede or interrupt the principal clause:
Models:
Each bowler rolls the ball twice in each frame, unless a strike is bowled.
Before Richard Bennett accepted the appointment as the prime minister of Canada in 1930, he had achieved success as a lawyer.
William Hazlitt's essays, which were written in vigorous and informal style, appeared between 1821 and 1822.
Complex sentences are connected:
a) by means of conjunctions and connectives: that, whether, after, as, because, in order that, since, so that, although, whereas, while, even if, if, in case, provided that, unless, before, once, still, till, until, when, whenever, while.
Model:
Little land animals live in the polar regions which are covered with snow year round.
b) asyndetically:
Model:
Were a drop of water magnified to the size of the earth, the molecules composing it would be about the size of oranges.
Note. These conjunctions and connectives are often polysemantic and multifunctional, which may cause confusion in usage and understanding.
Models:
What is fairly gathered is roundly spent (the subject clause). This book was what is often referred to as an autobiographical novel (the predicative clause). I dont know what you are talking about (the object clause).
4. A comma is generally not used between the main clause and the subordinate clause if the subordinate clause stands after the main clause. But a comma is used between them if the subordinate clause stands at the beginning of the sentence before the main clause.
Models:
The child is naughty only when he is concerned about being ignored by his brothers.
Although Connecticut occupies a small area, its weather can vary from one area to another.
Subject Clause
Theoretical Part
1. A subject clause is a clause which performs within a complex sentence the same function that the subject performs within a simple sentence (the agent or target of the action) and answers the questions who? or what? The main clause having no subject is deficient in its structure and meaning unless joined with the subordinate clause.
Whoever loves wealth is never satisfied with income (who?).
Тот, кто любит богатство, никогда не удовлетворен своим доходом.
It is crystal clear that if you lose weight, you will have a happier, healthier, better life (what?).
Несомненно, что, если ты похудеешь, твоя жизнь станет счастливее, здоровее и лучше.
2. Complex sentences with subject clauses may be of two patterns:
a) when a subject clause precedes the predicate of the main clause:
That she will never agree to marry him was absolutely clear to everybody.
То, что она никогда не согласится выйти за него замуж, было совершенно ясно каждому.
b) when a subject clause is placed at the end of the sentence (then it is introduced by the formal it):
It was wonderful that we could see each other.
Как хорошо, что нам удалось повидаться.
Note. In exclamatory sentences the formal it may be only implied.
How lovely (it is) that the sun has come out!
Как чудесно, что выглянуло солнце!
3. Subordinate subject clauses are introduced in the following ways:
a) by means of the connectives what, whatever, who, whom, whoever, which, whose, when, where, how, why, because. (A connective what is used only without formal it). Subject clauses of this type cannot be joined asyndetically, as the opening words signal the subordinate status of the clause:
Because I ask too many questions does not mean I am curious.
То, что я задаю слишком много вопросов, не значит, что я любопытен.
b) by means of the conjunctions that, whether, if. (A conjunction that is used only with formal it):
It is better that she should see everything with her own eyes.
Будет лучше, если она увидит все своими собственными глазами.
Note. Subordinate subject clauses beginning with the conjunctions whether/if should not be mixed with subordinate clauses of time and condition. In subordinate subject clauses a predicate can be expressed by the verb in any of the Future tenses.
If he will call you is hard to predict (a subject clause).
Трудно предсказать, позвонит ли он тебе.
If he calls you, dont forget to give him my regards (a conditional clause).
Если он позвонит, не забудь передать ему мой привет.
c) asyndetically (only with formal it):
It is a pity you should have forgotten about mothers birthday.
Жаль, что ты забыл о мамином дне рождения.
4. Subject clauses are not separated from the principal clause by a comma except we have two or more subject clauses coordinated with each other.
Who his father was, and why he deserted his family, were the questions that often pressed on the girls mind.
Кем был ее отец и почему он бросил свою семью, эти вопросы часто угнетали девушку.
Language Focus
Exercise 1. In the following sentences find the subjects and explain what they are.
1. Being the first woman president of Harvard did matter to a lot of people. 2. Her mother, who never worked outside of the home, was not one to encourage Faust to higher ambitions. 3. It was anticipated that probably I would marry and be a wife and mother. 4. That Faust's mother didn't live to witness her daughters success is a pity. 5. That the cost of an education at the elite private university does not prohibit talented applicants from attending makes sense. 6. For students from families with incomes under $60,000 a year, there is no parental contribution expected at all. 7. American higher education is seen as a model in many other countries. 8. What they wanted to talk with me about was the liberal arts and humanities. 9. To become president of an Ivy League university takes years of hard work. 10. It is essential that education should prepare people for a lifetime, not just a single career. 11. What they saw as characteristic of American higher education is imaginativeness, curiosity and creativity. 12. Fausts responsibilities as president of Harvard have taken her to many corners of the globe. 13. She is a noted scholar of the American South and the Civil War. 14. Her mother seemed quite angry to have limited options for herself.
Exercise 2. In most of the lines in the following text, there is an unnecessary word. For questions 1-28, find the unnecessary words and write them on the lines provided. If you think a line contains no unnecessary word, put a tick () next to it.
Exercise 3. Read the text about Olde Towne Pet Resort in Springfield, Virginia. Peruse the given statements and select the word from the box below that best completes the sentence.
whoever that what how when that whatever
that why how if because that who
1. pet ownership in the United States has reached an all time high is an issue of the day. 2. a dog was just a dog kept outside in its little dog house out in the backyard has become a past experience. 3. It is not surprising Ms. Atashbarghi says she too has been guilty of what some might call puppy love. 4. this puppy will be considered part of the family is still to be seen. 5. pet food manufactures may say does not discourage many pet owners from feeding the animals people food. 6. It surprises no one popular this well-to-do hotel for animals has become among the Washington areas pet owners. 7. refuses to leave their pets home alone can bring them to «Doggie Day Camp» to come for a day or stay for the night. 8. brings his dog to the center may be sure there are many different activities and services to choose from. 9. much you will be charged depends on the size of the room and the number of services chosen. 10. the center seeks to provide pets with the same kind of care they receive at home is very essential for their owners. 11. they like the best is that pets can even have their nails done. 12. some dogs like to be tucked in at night, before they go to sleep, doesnt amaze Sadaf. 13. there is also a webcam means owners can see their pets while they are separated. 14. Ms. Atashbarghi is planning to open a second pet resort in Sterling, Virginia indicates that her business has been successful.
Exercise 4. Match the parts of the given complex sentences and translate them.
Exercise 5. Define the type of the clause (subject, conditional, time) and choose the correct form of the verb.
1. When future generations hear/will hear these songs of pain and progress and struggle and sacrifice, I hope they will not think of them as somehow separate from the larger American story. 2. If autistic children form/will form an attachment, it predominantly will be to inanimate objects. 3. Whether projections of demographic shifts are reliable and prove/ will prove to be valid in the future is still to be verified. 4. When their profit targets are/will be reached or surpassed senior executives will receive bonuses. 5. When the mining of minerals brings/will bring about the destruction of landscapes and wildlife habitats in this area is not hard to predict. 6. If the smoke from burning fuels is/will be released into the atmosphere it will cause pollution. 7. Until the cubs have/will have grown up foxes stay in closely knit family groups. 8. When too many firms enter/will enter competitive markets, their share of profits will fall. 9. If each reflex involve/will involve some stimulus that causes a response is doubtful. 10. When consumers dont/wont have everything they want, they will have to choose what they want most. 11. Whether coaching and preparatory courses yields/will yield results is still to be examined on test scores. 12. Whether the goalkeeper or one of the other players retrieve/will retrieve the ball from the goal makes little difference. 13. When a criminal case goes/will go to trial, the defendant may elect to have it heard either by a jury or by a judge. 14. Even if they dont/wont come into physical contact electrically charged particles will exert a magnetic force on one another.
Exercise 6. Make complex sentences with subject clauses from the sentences below.
Model:
Today, the Space Needle is the most popular place for visitors to Seattle. And it remains the internationally known symbol of the city.
That the Space Needle has become the internationally known symbol of Seattle makes it the most popular place for visitors to the city.