Centers for medicare & medicaid services (CMS) is the wing of the U.S. department of health and human services that runs healthcare reimbursement and health it programs191.
Central processing unit (CPU) also called a central processor, main processor or just processor, is the electronic circuitry that executes instructions comprising a computer program. The CPU performs basic arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations specified by the instructions in the program. This contrasts with external components such as main memory and I/O circuitry, and specialized processors such as graphics processing units (GPUs). Also, Central Processing Unit (CPU) is a von Neumann cyclic processor designed to execute complex computer programs192.
Centralized control is a process in which control signals are generated in a single control center and transmitted from it to numerous control objects.
Cerner corp. is a public company in North Kansas City, mo., that provides various health information technologies, ranging from medical devices to electronic health records (EHR) to hardware193.
Change Control is a formal process used to ensure that a process, product, service, or technology component is modified only in accordance with agreed-upon rules. Many organizations have formal Change Control Boards that review and approve proposed modifications to technology infrastructures, systems, and applications. Data Governance programs often strive to extend the scope of change control to include additions, modifications, or deletions to data models and values for reference/master data194.
Change healthcare is a healthcare technology provider of revenue cycle management, payment management and health information exchange (HIE) solutions195.
Channel is a means of entry into the My Health Record system to enable reading and updating My Health Records. For example, individuals can use the National Consumer Portal or providers may use the system via B2B196.
Character format is any file format in which information is encoded as characters using only a standard character-encoding scheme. A file written in «character format» contains only those bytes that are prescribed in the encoding scheme as corresponding to the characters in the scheme (e.g., alphabetic and numeric characters, punctuation marks, and spaces)197.
Character-encoding scheme is a method of encoding characters including alphabetic characters (A-Z, uppercase and lowercase), numbers 09, punctuation and other marks (e.g., comma, period, space, &, *), and various «control characters» (e.g., tab, carriage return, linefeed) using binary numbers. For a computer to print a capital «A» or a number «7» on the computer screen, for instance, we must have a way of telling the computer that a particular group of bits represents an «A» or a «7». There are standards, commonly called «character sets,» that establish that a particular byte stands for an «A» and a different byte stands for a «7». The two most common standards for representing characters in bytes are ASCII and EBCDIC198.
Chatbot is a software application designed to simulate human conversation with users via text or speech. Also referred to as virtual agents, interactive agents, digital assistants, or conversational AI, chatbots are often integrated into applications, websites, or messaging platforms to provide support to users without the use of live human agents. Chatbots originally started out by offering users simple menus of choices, and then evolved to react to particular keywords. «But humans are very inventive in their use of language,» says Forresters McKeon-White. Someone looking for a password reset might say theyve forgotten their access code, or are having problems getting into their account. «There are a lot of different ways to say the same thing,» he says. This is where AI comes in. Natural language processing is a subset of machine learning that enables a system to understand the meaning of written or even spoken language, even where there is a lot of variation in the phrasing. To succeed, a chatbot that relies on AI or machine learning needs first to be trained using a data set. In general, the bigger the training data set, and the narrower the domain, the more accurate and helpful a chatbot will be199.
Chief digital officer (CDO) is a leader who combines business acumen with digital expertise to help organizations drive digital transformation via an enterprise-wise digital vision and strategy200.
Child development the section of the My Health Record that contains information about childhood growth and development201.
Chip is an electronic microcircuit of arbitrary complexity, made on a semiconductor substrate and placed in a non-separable case or without it, if included in the micro assembly.
CHRODIS Joint Action Recommendations and Criteria it constitutes a practical analytical framework that can be used by decision-makers, healthcare personnel, and patients to support the implementation of good practices, and to improve, monitor, and evaluate the quality of chronic disease prevention, health promotion and care202.
Circular economy an alternative to a traditional linear economy (make, use, dispose) in which we keep resources in use for as long as possible, extract the maximum value from them whilst in use, then recover and regenerate products and materials at the end of each service life203.
Citizen agency is used meaning to inform, involve and enable citizens and communities to interact and influence authorities204.
Civic and Community Engagement is an activity that includes activities such as volunteering, voting, and participating in activities that strengthen the community (City Library Council, 2017)205.
Classification are algorithms that allow machines to assign a category to a data point based on training data.
Cleaning is process to check data for adherence to standards, internal consistency, referential integrity, valid domain, and to replace/repair incorrect data with correct data. To «clean» a data file is to check for wild codes and inconsistent responses to verify that the file has the correct and expected number of records, cases, and cards or records per case; and to correct errors found206.
Clinical decision support system (CDSS) is an application that analyzes data to help healthcare providers make decisions and improve patient care207.
Clinical Document Architecture (CDA) is an HL7 standard intended to specify the encoding, structure and semantics of clinical documents for exchange208.
Clinical documentation (healthcare) is the creation of a digital or analog record detailing a medical treatment, medical trial or clinical test209.
Clinical informatics also known as health informatics, is the study of how technology and data analytics can be used to improve patient care plans210.
Clinical information system (CIS) is a system that is used by a healthcare provider to manage patient and practice records. It may include a software component connected to the My Health Record system211.
Clinical Patient Management System aims at supporting European Reference Networks in improving the diagnosis and treatment of rare or low prevalence complex diseases across national borders of Member States in Europe. The system enables healthcare professionals to upload patient cases and collaborate with other healthcare professionals to provide diagnosis, care and treatment212.
Clinical synopsis is a short summary of a healthcare event (e.g. Reason for visit, diagnosis etc.) included in an event summary213.
Clinical terminology guidelines a set of terminological resources that can be implemented in software applications. They represent clinically relevant information in a semantically structured form of code that can be used by automated applications. These codes represent explicit formal definitions of meaning and are based on a consensus of actual use by clinicians214.
Clinical Trial any investigation in human subjects intended to discover or verify the effect of one or more investigational health interventions (e.g., drugs, diagnostics, devices, therapy protocols) that generate safety and efficacy data before making the health intervention available in health care215.
Cloud Adoption refers to an organizations move from its own servers and data centers to cloud-based solutions hosted by third parties. Cloud adoption is a strategic initiative for organizations, typically aimed at reducing costs, reducing risk and ensuring scalability. An organisation can move to the cloud, either in whole or in part, depending on its needs and its digital strategy216.
Cloud Computing is a general term for anything that involves delivering hosted services over the internet. These services are divided into three main categories or types of cloud computing: infrastructure as a service (IaaS), platform as a service (PaaS) and software as a service (SaaS). Cloud Computing a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources-for example networks, servers, storage, applications and services-that can be rapidly provisioned and released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. Also, Cloud Computing is a term used to describe the delivery of computing services over the Internet217,218,219.
Cloud deployment mode is the deployment of software on a cloud server outside an organization220.
Cloud Infrastructure consists of hardware and software that enables cloud computing221.
Cloud is software, services, or systems that are stored, managed, and accessed on demand via the Internet222.
Cloud Service is a general term for a software service which is available over the Internet. Cloud service is a metaphor as its often depicted as a cloud in presentations. Previously, pieces of software were sold primarily as local software licenses, but its now common business practice to offer cloud services through software renting223.
Cloud storage is computer data storage in which digital data is stored in servers generally located in multiple locations and owned and managed by a hosting company. These cloud storage providers are responsible for keeping the data available and accessible and the physical environment protected and running. People and organizations buy or lease storage capacity from the providers to store their data224.
Cloud TPU is a specialized hardware accelerator designed to speed up machine learning workloads on Google Cloud Platform225.
Cluster analysis is a type of unsupervised learning used for exploratory data analysis to find hidden patterns or groupings in the data; clusters are modeled with a similarity measure defined by metrics such as Euclidean or probability distance.
Cluster is a number of computers networked together in order to function as a single computing system226.
Clustering is a task to organize data into groups based on certain properties. Clustering analysis is widely used in data mining for pattern recognition, image analysis, and computer graphics, among others227.
CMIO (chief medical information officer) essentially serves as the bridge between medical and IT departments at a health care organization. This person may also be referred to as the director of medical informatics or health informatics228.
Code in most numeric data files, answers to questions are recorded with numbers rather than text, and often even numeric answers are recorded with numbers other than the actual response. The numbers used in the data file are called «codes.» Thus, for instance, when a respondent identifies herself as a member of a particular religion, a code of «1» might be used for Catholic, a «2» for Jewish, etc. Likewise, a persons age of 18 might be coded as a 2 indicating «18 or over.» The codes that are used and their correspondence to the actual responses are listed in a codebook. Code is a one-to-one mapping of a finite ordered set of symbols belonging to some finite alphabet229.
Code of the digital transformation program event (carried out by a state body) a unique character digital identifier of the program event, assigned in accordance with these Regulations to the program event and containing codified information about the main manager of the federal budget or the budgets of state non-budgetary funds the state body implementing the program event, type of the program activity, its serial number, its version, as well as other characteristics necessary for the unambiguous identification of the program activity at all stages of its planning and implementation, including during the monitoring of the program implementation, carried out in accordance with the Regulation approved by Resolution No. 1646 «On measures to ensure the effectiveness of measures for the use of information and communication technologies in the activities of federal executive authorities and government agencies of state extrabudgetary jet funds.
Codebook generically, is any information on the structure, contents, and layout of a data file. Typically, a codebook includes: column locations and widths for each variable; definitions of different record types; response codes for each variable; codes used to indicate nonresponse and missing data; exact questions and skip patterns used in a survey; and other indications of the content of each variable. Many codebooks also include frequencies of response. Codebooks vary widely in quality and amount of information included230.
Codec is the means by which sound and video files are compressed for storage and transmission purposes. There are various forms of compression: lossy and lossless, but most codecs perform lossless compression because of the much larger data reduction ratios that occur [with lossy compression]. Most codecs are software, although in some areas codecs are hardware components of image and sound systems. Codecs are necessary for playback, since they uncompress [or decompress] the moving image and sound files and allow them to be rendered»231.
Cognitive architecture the Institute of Creative Technologies defines cognitive architecture as: «hypothesis about the fixed structures that provide a mind, whether in natural or artificial systems, and how they work together in conjunction with knowledge and skills embodied within the architecture to yield intelligent behavior in a diversity of complex environments».
Cognitive computing is used to refer to the systems that simulate the human brain to help with the decision- making. It uses self-learning algorithms that perform tasks such as natural language processing, image analysis, reasoning, and humancomputer interaction. Examples of cognitive systems are IBMs Watson and Google DeepMind232.