Андрей Тихомиров
Abantu bomu Afrika
Okusinziira ku nkyusa emu, ekigambo "Africa" kiva mu linnya ly'ekika ky'Ababerber Afrigia, ekyabeeranga mu bukiikakkono bwa ssemazinga wa Afrika, waaliwo n'essaza ly'Abaruumi erya Afrika. Essaza lyAbaruumi erya Afrika lyatondebwawo Rooma mu mwaka gwa 146 BC. e. mu kifo awaali essaza lye Carthage, eryali likwata ekitundu ekyobukiikakkono bwamaserengeta ga Tunisia eyomulembe guno. Ku mulembe gwObwakabaka, Afrika yali ya masaza ga senate era nga yafugibwa proconsul. Omulembe gwObwakabaka gumanyiddwa olwokukulaakulana kwenkola yebibuga. Ebibuga byafuna eddembe lyamatwale ne munisipaali. Omutendera ogusinga obunene mu bibuga byali bafuzi bamatwale Abaruumi nabakulu abaali bafuuse Abaruumi mu bantu bomu kitundu ekyo. Mu byobuwangwa, mu kiseera kyObwakabaka, essaza lya Afrika lyakola kinene. Kyokka, abantu enzaalwa zomu byalo baasigala nga bava mu lulimi Olulattini nobuwangwa bwAbaruumi. Mu kyasa ekyokuna-okutaano. kyafuuka ekitundu ekyobujeemu obwamaanyi obwabaddu nempagi, ekyanafuya ennyo Obwakabaka bwa Rooma era ne buyamba okugwa. Mu kyasa ekyokutaano. Abamenyi bamateeka baasenga mu Afrika. Mu kyasa ekyomukaaga. empula wa Byzantium Justinian yasobola okuzzaayo ekitundu ekiri ku lubalama lwennyanja, naye amaanyi ga Byzantium gaali matono. Mu kyasa ekyomusanvu Essaza lya Africa lyawambibwa Abawalabu.
Mu North Africa, emabega mu myaka lukumi 1 BC. e. waaliwo amawanga agawerako agetongodde: Carthage, eyatandikibwawo abagwiira okuva e Foenicia, abaali boogera olulimi lwAbaseemu okumpi nOlwebbulaniya, Mauritania ne Numidia, olwatondebwawo Abalibya. Oluvannyuma lwokuwamba Carthage Abaruumi mu mwaka gwa 146 BC. e. amawanga gano, oluvannyuma lwokulwanagana nobukakanyavu, gaafuuka ebintu byAbaruumi. Ngebula ebyasa bitono omulembe omupya tegunnabaawo, enkulaakulana yekibiina kyekibiina kyatandika ku ttaka lya Ethiopia eyomulembe guno. Emu ku masaza agaakulaakulana wano Aksum yatuuka ku ntikko mu kyasa ekyokuna BC. n. e., ebintu bye mu maserengeta bwe byatuuka mu nsi ya Meroe mu kiwonvu kya Nile, ate mu buvanjuba "Happy Arabia" (Yemen ey'omulembe guno). Mu myaka lukumi egyokubiri era. e. amawanga agamaanyi gakulaakulana mu Western Sudan (Ghana, Mali, Songhai ne Bornu); oluvannyuma, amawanga gaatondebwawo ku lubalama lwennyanja Guinea (Ashanti, Dahomey, Congo, nebirala), mu maserengeta gennyanja Chad (amasaza gabantu be Hausa) ne mu bitundu ebirala bingi ku lukalu lwa Afirika.
Ennimi zabantu bomu Tropical Africa, ezibeera mu bukiikaddyo bwamaka gAbasemitic-Hamitic, mu kiseera kino zitera okugattibwa mu maka abiri: Niger (Congo)-Kordofan ne Nilo-Saharan. Ekibinja kya Niger-Kordofanian kirimu ekibinja kya Niger-Congo ebibinja ebisinga obungi era ebigatta: West Atlantic, Mande, Volts, Kwa, Benue-Congo ne Adamawa-Eastern. Abantu bomu West Atlantic mulimu abantu abangi aba Fulbe ababeera mu bibinja ebyenjawulo kumpi mu mawanga gonna aga Western ne Central Sudan, Wolof ne Serep (Senegal), namalala.ebitundu ebya waggulu ebyemigga Senegal ne Niger (Guinea, Mali, nebirala. ), abantu be Volta (moy, loby, bobo, Senufo, nebirala) mu Burkina Faso, Ghana namawanga amalala. Abantu be Kwa mulimu abantu abanene aboku lubalama lwennyanja Guinea ngAbayoruba nAbaibo (Nigeria), Abaaka (Ghana) nAbaewe (Benin ne Togo); okumpi nAbawere be bava emabega, ababeera mu bukiikaddyo era oluusi bayitibwa Dahomeans; ekifo ekyetongodde ekitono kibeera abantu aboogera ennimi (oba enjogera) ezAbakru. Bano be Bakwe, Grebo, Krahn nabantu abalala ababeera mu Liberia ne Ivory Coast (Ivory Coast). Ekibinja ekitono ekya Benue-Congo kikolebwa abantu bangi, edda nga kigambibwa nti kyava mu maka ga Bantu agenjawulo nekibinja kyAbabantu abebuvanjuba. Abantu be Bantu, abafaanagana ennyo mu nnimi nobuwangwa, babeera mu nsi zAmasekkati nekitundu mu Buvanjuba nObugwanjuba (Democratic Republic of the Congo (eyali Zaire), Angola, Tanzania, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, South Africa, nebirala). Bantu abakugu mu nnimi bazigabanyaamu ebibinja 15: 1st duala, lupdu, fang, nebirala; Ekyokubiri -teke, mpongwe, kele; Ekyokusatu bangi, pgala, mongo, tetelya; Ekyokuna Rwanda, rundi; 5th ganda, luhya, kikuyu, kamba; Owomukaaga-nyamwezi, nyatura; 7th Oluswayiri, togo, hehe; Ekyomunaana Kongo, ambundu; ekyomwenda-chokwe, luena; Ekyekkumi-luba; Ekyekkumi nekimu-bemba, fipa, tonga; 12 Malawi 13 Yao, Makonde, Makua; Ekyekkumi nena ovimbundu, ambo, herero; 15th Shona, Suto, Zulu, Spit, Swazi, n'ebirala.
Ennimi zAbabantu era zoogerwa ebibinja byAbapygmy abomu Congo Basin (Efe, Basu A, Bambuti, nebirala), ebiseera ebisinga baawulwamu ngabantu abenjawulo. Mu Bantus abebuvanjuba namasekkati, olulimi Oluswayiri, olufunye okufugibwa okweyoleka okwOluwarabu, lufuuse lwa maanyi mu myaka egiyise, omuwendo gwabo abaluyogera guli obukadde 60 (abantu bOluswayiri bali obukadde 1.9). Aba adamaua, ekibinja ekitono ekyebuvanjuba, mulimu Abazande, Cham-Ba, Banda, nabalala ababeera mu masekkati nobuvanjuba bwa Sudan.
Ekibinja kya Kordofan, ekitono ennyo mu muwendo nettaka, kirimu abantu be Koalib, Tumtum, Tegali, Talodi ne Katla (Republic of Sudan).
Famire ya Nilo-Saharan ekiikirirwa ebibinja: Songhai, Sahara, Shari-Nile, awamu nabantu babiri abaawukana mu nnimi Maba ne For (Fur). Aba Songhai mulimu aba Songhai yennyini, awamu naba Djerma naba Dandy, ababeera ku lubalama lwebitundu ebiri wakati mu Niger; eri ekibinja kyAbasahara kanuri, tuba (tibbu) ne zagava, nga babeera ku lubalama lwennyanja Chad ne mu Central Sahara. Ekibinja kya Shari-Nil ekisinga obukulu mu maka gano mulimu abantu be Sudan abebuvanjuba (Dinka, Puer, Luo, Bari, Lotuko, Masai, Nuba, oba Nubians, nebirala), edda abaali mu maka ga Nilotic abetongodde; Abantu bomu masekkati ga Sudan (Bagirmi, Morumadi), abantu ba Berta ne Kunama. Abantu bekibinja kino babeera mu bukiikakkono bwa Zaire ne mu bukiikaddyo bwa Sudan. Ennimi zAbamorumadi zoogerwa ebika byAbapygmy (Efe, Basua, nebirala).