English is seen as a prestigious language in Malaysia, which fact is emphasized at schools where three languages are used: Malay (the national language), Mandarin (in Chinese schools), Hindi and Tamil (in Indian schools).
When it comes to English grammar, Jonathan had no difficulties with it due to extensive reading. He says, «I just know, but I cant teach it. The rules simply grew on me».
In Malaysian households it is common to casually use the so-called «Manglish», which is a «jumble» of English, Malay, Cantonese and sometimes Tamil.
English is mandatory for everyone to learn. Mandarin and Tamil are optional. Some of Jonathans Chinese friends go to Indian schools and Indians go to Chinese ones, which makes Malaysia a sort of a «cultural pan». In this multicultural and multiracial environment there is no stigmatization of accents. Nevertheless being «weak» in English is generally seen as unprofessional. Some people speak broken English and direct translate phrases from their native tongues, which makes people talking to them «reframe their mind» in order to be able to understand whatever they are saying.
Jonathans interest in Psycholinguistics originated while he was working at a Learning Disability Centre. His research thesis is on how bilingualism affects cognitive abilities in individuals. During his semester here in the U.S. he is continuing this project which is only theoretical at this point as there is no time to get a special permission to conduct any experiments involving «human subjects» here in the U.S. One of the hypothesis in Jonathans work is that individuals who are fluent in 2 or 3 languages would have «lesser reaction times». Jonathan mentions the Stroop Test which has been widely used in experimental psychology since the 1930s after it had been introduced by an American psychologist as well as for studying the effects of bilingualism. Another question Jonathan is struggling with is at what point one considers themselves proficient: is being able to hold a conversation enough or does it have to be of a certain complexity and length?
Switching between his languages, Jonathan is mostly affected by how different they are in terms of showing respect. For example, English doesnt have a hierarchy of respect, but when used in Malaysia, it does sound different. So, if I came to Malaysia, Jonathan as someone younger would address me as «Aunt Olga» to show extra respect. In Cantonese there are even more nuanced forms for that. E.g., the form «the first Aunt» would be used to show even more respect and reverance.
When it comes to his linguistic experiences here in the U.S., Jonathan is amazed by how unique the language they use here is. It has quite a few «hipster» terms such as the word «lit» to describe something super good. But overall, accommodating to new terms has been a fun experience.
For those wanting to step up their language game, Jonathan thinks it is important to find a person you can discuss how English is used in a certain community so that you can «connect and stick with them». Preferrably it has to be a native speaker so that accommodation to the culture goes more smoothly. Finally, Jonathan believes language is a relative thing. So, here in NJ it would be different from Texas and vice versa. As long as you find a local to help you through the process, you will be fine.
Having heard Jonathans story, I was in no way surprised he chose bilingualism as his research object. There was no way for me to even imagine growing up in such a multilingualism environment. I believe researchers like Jonathan and myself (with similar interests but different backgrounds) enrich the field. What I could totally relate to was dealing with the ethical issues of doing research in the U.S. American universities have IRBs (Institutional Review Boards) that are tasked with reviewing and monitoring research involving human subjects. This inspection takes a while. I had to go through it for this project as well.
Despite some age difference, Jonathan and I were able to connect and stayed in touch even after he had left the U.S. He was able to pursue a PhD program and further his fascinating research. I was really moved by his sincerity in sharing some of issues faced on his journey via social media.
A Latin American with an American accent
(Pedro, Paraguay)
Languages spoken: Spanish, English, Portuguese.
Field of study/career: Hospitality Management.
The first time I met Pedro (a friend of Jonathans, the previous interviewee), I thought he was American. It was not only his perfect American accent, but there was something about the way he used body language I cant even put that into words that made me think like that. Once I found out Pedro was actually from Paraguay and was here in the U.S. on the Global UGRAD program to study Hotel Management and Hospitality,
I was really surprised.
As we talked more with Pedro particularly during our weekend trip with a bunch of other internationals to see the fall colors («fall foliage») of Upstate New York along with the Niagara Falls I found out he was my colleague teaching English back in his home country. For some reason I used to have a collective image of Latin America, so starting meeting more and more people from this region here in the U.S. helped me find out more about the linguistic profiles of the countries making it up.
Pedro learned English on his own by listening to a bunch of songs and recording himself repeating the lyrics to improve his pronunciation. At that point it was nothing more than «a fun game». After that he started translating some comic books, poetry and video games. Pedro was amazed by how much stuff he was able to access in English. Then the Internet «blew off» in his country and this was when virtually everything one needed for studies was to be found on YouTube and it was actually better explained in English than in Spanish.
Normally at schools only basics are taught and there is no speaking practice whatsoever. But there is a big institution in Paraguya called CCPA (Centro Cultural Paraguayo Americano) where immersive language courses where students are thrown into the environment are offered. Everything is in English and for those at lower levels visual cues are provided. There is also an institution called Elevate English (that Pedro is working for back home) where the focus of the instruction is the pronunciation. This was the method that Pedro used to employ in his own language learning and is now embracing as a teacher. He believes that the way one sounds is something that can make or break it for you when it comes to that crucial first impression be it at an interview for a job or an exchange program. Pedro adds that he sees no point in spending too much time on grammar and general vocabulary. Instead, learning has to focus only on certain things a student will be using when speaking English in the future.
Pedro prefers American English which he imitated by focusing specifically on the features that were different from other varieties of English. Interestingly, in the CCPA British textbooks are mostly used, but audio recordings are predominantly American and sometimes they showcase «an array of different people» (e.g., Chinese). The majority of teachers are non-native speakers but have American accent.
There is no doubt as to the extent to which English as a foreign language dominates Latin America as a whole. Even though Latin American music is in the national top 40, songs in English are in the majority. There are also more and more stores selling books in English. Besides, a lot of opportunities are offered for Master and PhD programs after college. They are not very competitive as most people in Paraguay go straight to work instead of pursuing further studies. Being fluent in English, Pedro had access to a bunch of resources he otherwise wouldnt have known about.
Now in his career as a teacher Pedro also uses «a wide array of activities» that are only available on English-language sources. Now he is also studying Hotel Management and Hospitality where knowing foreign languages comes in handy.
Based on his teaching experience, Pedro finds that Spanish speakers mostly struggle with certain vowels. He also has his students record themselves to be able to keep track of their progress.
He believes that the moment students realize they sound more native, they muster the courage to start applying for international programs that might potentially change their lives dramatically. Their self-image becomes more positive, which shows how pronunciation is something that can seriously hold one back.
Apart from American English, Pedro picked up the language of the neighboring Brazil as comic books in Portuguese were cheaper than those in Spanish. He used to speak some Japanese as his family hosted a group of Japanese students as part of an exchange program. Now he has lost all of it.
To conclude, Pedro believes that having a plan for your language learning is key. It has to be something you are looking into using on a daily basis. One shouldnt be afraid to expose themselves to as much authentic stuff as possible.
There is absolutely no doubt that the method Pedro has been using for all these years on his own as well as with his students works wonders. However, according to my own experience as a learner and a teacher, pronunciation doesnt have to be an absolute priority especially for such an international language as English mostly spoken by non-native speakers with a wide variety of accents. Honestly, both as a learner and a teacher, I used to think of Phonetics (a branch of linguistics studying how sounds are produced) as my least favorite activity. As much as I realized how, as Pedro noted, pronunciaiton is key to making a good first impression, as someone with no ear for music, I was never fond of practising it. There has been a never-ending debate as to how to go about language learning and teaching, but what is for sure is that mimicing a certain English variety involves some identity work. Pedro has definitely succeeded in creating this «American» image and the way he speaks has a major role to play in projecting it.
A brave researcher willing to make sacrifices
(Jelena, Montenegro)
Languages spoken: Montenegrian, Croatin, Bosnian, Serbian, English, Russian.
Field of study/career: Marketing Management, Associate Professor, a Fulbright scholar.
By Novenber I had been able to establish some connections with a few members of the Fulbright community in New York and New Jersey. There was also a one-off event at MSU there I met some more Fulbrighters. Jelena, an Associate Professor in Marketing Management back in her home country of Montenegro, a country in Southeastern Europe, was one of them. She was struggling to find the appropriate words in English, but her Southern charm and smile made up for that. Whenever we met on campus and beyond, she would give me a big kiss and a hug, which felt so sweet. It felt incredible to connect with a fellow Slav and to know we had this extra thing in common as Montenergo used to be part of Yugoslavia (which is a combination of the words «south» and «slavs»), which used to be part of the Soviet Union. At this point we must have all gotten accustomed to living in the U.S. and had a lot of thoughts and feelings to share with each other. Jelena and I felt comfortable talking and pouring out hearts to each other. One day we met at her office to have a conversation about her English learning history.
Jelena started learning Russian at elementary school. It was only later on that she started learning English. For her generation (those in their 40s) it was all about theory (grammar) and there was no practice of English in «daily situations» (stores, cinema, etc.), which Jelena sees as an absolutely bad approach. This is why she is so happy having made use of her English actively here in the U.S. for almost 3 months. She has to use English professionally mainly for writing research articles and attending international conferences. She is aware of how the American variety she has been picking up here (along with some professional slang) might sound a bit strange when she comes back to Europe where she does most of her work.
Back home she mostly practiced speaking with her son who is now in Grade 5. Here in the U.S. she is sharing a house with an American family and meets a lot of new people. «All my life is in English», says Jelena. Sometimes she feels it is «weird» to hear herself speaking English so much. She has even started thinking in English and she feels it solidly entering her brain.
Even though there are still a lot of Russians living on the Montenegrian coast and Russian, which her generation mostly learned back at school, is in demand, younger people prefer English instead. There is also some Italian used as the Italian border is close by as well as some Turkish used by the Muslim minority. As a specialist in Marketing, Jelena points out how in her country there are economic reasons to learn Chinese as there is an ongoing cooperation with China through investment.
English was a «crucial» reason for Jelena to decide to come to the U.S. Besides, one of her students had been on the UGRAD program here at MSU.
There have been some emotional trade-offs for Jelena as she had to leave her son behind for a year in order to come here. She realizes that is the price to pay for this «big» chance to start speaking English fluently.
Jelena feels her personality changes when she speaks English, which she again describes as a «weird» but definitely a positive change.
She believes that in order to survive and thrive in this increasingly competitive world, as she keeps saying to her students back in Montenegro, one has to be flexible rather than simply smart. Even considering herself not gifted for languages, Jelena knows she has no way rather than master English to advance her teaching and research career. As a side note, she questions she has no talent as in fact, apart from her native language, she speaks Serbian, Croatian, Bosnian which are all similar but still are separate languages.
In the future Jelena might consider learning German and probably Spanish. Even though she recognizes the global importance of Chinese, she says it is not for her.
For someone still feeling nervous speaking a foreign language just as she used to before coming to the U.S., Jelena suggests «going with the flow» and always looking for ways to listen to the target language in order to «center your ears» on it. That was how she overcame her «stage freight» particularly when asked questions in work settings.
I cant even imagine how much identity struggle is involved in learning English and experiencing all the ups and downs, which are inherently part of this journey, for someone who has a solid teaching career back home. Transitioning from a figure of authority to someone taking in new experiences almost as a kid while also being a parent must have been daunting.
As a Russian, I might have had mixed feelings about some kind of reluctance of the countries that used to make up the former Soviet Union to continue learning Russian, but as Jelena pointed out from her professional perspective, there are obviously economic reasons for that. It is still comforting to know that all the four languages she speaks would be somewhat intelligible to me. Actually, in the same year we had our talk (2017) in the attempt to counteract nationalism the Declaration on the Common Language was issued establishing that Bosniaks, Croats, Montenegrins and Serbs have a common standard language.