There is another meaning derived from the sounds of breathing the Greek word ego (εγώ), which translates as I. In maloyanisol dialect, the word I sounds simplergo [gɔ]. Moreover, my grandmother did not pronounce a solid go[gɔ], but again mixed sounds g and kh, closer to kho. The e sound in the Greek word ego is the sound of belonging. And the o"sound, unlike the open a, in addition to the meaning of around also has a selective function. Therefore, the word has the meaning: this is my soul, this is me. If we compare the Greek ego and the Russian word ekho (echo), it will be clear that they are the same. The echo is a returning sound of my voice, it is me.
You can recall another sound formed by breathing. If you hold the air slightly with your lips, and then open your lips, then the sound p formed. Relatively speaking, the sound of puffing, the sound of zapiraniya (locking) the lips while breathing and then releasing air with little effort. This is either puffing, or blowing something off the surface, blowing hot food, or the banal pukanie (farting). Over time, this sound has grown more complex meanings, has passed through centuries of evolution and now it denotes what surrounds The meaning of po (along) appeared in those days when people lived in burrows, when it was necessary, for example, to blow away sand, leaves or insects stuck to food, and the preposition po had a very modest scale. Over time, during the numerous journeys of ancient people, the meaning of po expanded, but remained the same: along and around something.
5. The sounds of food: m and n
All the basic sounds and protoroots associated with human physiology and its primary needs. You donot have to go far just remember your basic needs. What is the most important thing for a person? He/she needs air to breathe, food to keep from starving, and water. In addition, he\she needs to continue the family line, needs security, a roof overhead, and other needs that reflected in the language. Therefore, it is objective that besides the sounds of breathing, the first roles in the meaning-making had the sounds of food.
Man is a mammalian creature, breastfed. This is why, from infancy, from unconscious memory, we reproduce this deep key sound of the compressed lips m and the following sound of the opening lipsma. In almost all languages, the word mama (mother) includes this ancient, imbibed with mothers milk, protoroot.
In the words mammoth and Mammoth that came from antiquity, the sound m also speaks of food prey, which our ancient ancestors fed on until quiet recently. The habitation of mammoths also reflected in ancient place names: Magadan, Macedonia, Kema, Kama and others.
But with feeding, the child uses not only the lips, but also the tongue. The tongue presses the nipple of the breast to the palate, and the milk under pressure falls on the taste buds of the childs tongue. What sound formed when the tongue pressed to the roof of the mouth? It is a sound n. In some languages, this sound forms the word nana with the meaning mother. In the Ukrainian language there is a word "nenka".Nurses are traditionally called nyanyas (wet-nurses). The famous nyam-nyam (yum-yum) is just a fusion of two feeding sounds n and m. By the way, when it is especially delicious, children like to click their tongue and pronounce the famous childrens word naka, which means nice (here in English this word sounds a little different). Among the Greeks, this word has undergone multiple remelting and sounds more complicated nostimo (vόστιμο), although it has similar protoroots and the same meaning of nice.
6. The sound of food n as a negative sound
However, the sound of eating n has another meaning the meaning of negation. When a child or even an adult did not want to eat, he/she pressed tongue to the roof of the mouth, closing the passage for food, and shook his/her head to turn away from the nipple of breast or food brought to his/her mouth. Therefore, the n sound and the shaking of the head acquired the meaning of negation. In the modern Russian language, the sound n in combination with different vowels has generated a whole palette of meanings: na is an offer to accept (food), no (but) is objection or denial, ne (not) is evasion, nu (well) is coercion, etc. The sound n has the meaning of negation in many languages, including the Maya language deciphered by Yuri Valentinovich Knorozov.
7. The sounds of water: s and others
The currently accepted voicing of water by the famous bul-bul was not popular in ancient times. Our ancestors were closer to household sounds, the murmur of a brook, flowing rivers and even the sounds of defecation. The whistling sounds s, ts, z and the sound zh speak about water more often. Sometimes hissing sounds sh, ch, shch do the same.
8. The sounds of contact, knocking
and poking: t and d
Another palette of sounds is the sounds formed by contact with obstacles. The simplest and most common is the sound of poking or knocking. The t sound is clearly heard at the base of the knock, and with a harder contact, we hear the ringing d"sound. The sound t acquired the meaning of an obstacle that could meet anywhere. It was possible to stumble over a stone, run into branches or tree trunks, or fall, hitting the ground.
In combination with various vowels, the sounds of poking at obstacles, like other protoroots, acquired different meanings. If the simplest sound of poking is heard with the simplest t, tuk, then with the vowel o it is an obstacle with some boundaries. In the modern language, protoroots to [tɔ] and do [dɔ] are attributed to the ancient prepositions, although this classification is rather conditional. If the voiceless to is the indication of a certain place where an obstacle is, then the voiced do is already a more serious obstacle, restriction, Pillars of Hercules, beyond which movement is impossible. The meaning of these prepositions has survived to the present day, although during the evolution it has expanded and received different shades, but the original meaning obstacle, restriction and poking has been preserved in it. Other vowels create different meanings, where the meaning of a certain place remains the main one. Many different derivative combinations have appeared from the original forms of these ancient prepositions. The language was filled with various to (that), ta (that), te (those), tam (there), do (before), da (before). The last da is especially interesting. The sound of poking and the obstacle d, touching the open vowel a, completely changes like Cinderella after the wave of a magic wand. The vowel sound a indicates that the insurmountable obstacle, as it seemed at first, is no longer an obstacle, and dirty rags have been replaced with a ball gown.
Da is consent, the abolition of borders, the abolition of obstacles. You can not, but you can! This root was of great importance and was very common in the everyday life of our ancestors, having the meaning of consent in sexual relationships. Da is a permission for sexual contact. Already in those ancient times, the meaning of consent began to be associated with the possibility of coition, that is, access to a womans genitals, and later with the female genitals themselves. For the ancient man, da was more significant than for our contemporaries, also because not everyone managed to survive in those distant times, and procreation was the main goal, the main meaning of life. The meaning of possibility, consent and the name of the female genital organ formed many words that have survived to our time, but which modern ethics tries not to mention. If we resort to a metaphor, then da is the process of defloration, deprivation of virginity and the possibility of procreation.
The semantic paradigm of procreation is also reflected in female names: from Russian Lada to Nayada (Naiad), Esmeralda, Svanilda, Nemezida (Nemesis), Andromeda, Jagveda (Iohaveda) and hundreds of others. The root of da formed a witty word erunda (nonsense), and even the surname Hakamada, where da is a rice field flooded with water and designed to give birth to a new crop.
9. The sounds of drinking: ms
Another palette of protoroots formed the sounds of drinking. In ancient times, there were no glasses and mugs, so our ancestors either drank from the reservoirs, or get running water into the palm of their hand; they drew it in, as sometimes, children or tourists do. What kind of sound is produced by such drink? Only the sound of ms. M is the sound of food, but in this case, it is liquid food, the consumption of which is accompanied by a whistling sound the sound of s. It formed protoroot with the meaning drinking water. It can be found everywhere in the names of localities where water is suitable for drinking. There are many of such toponyms\place names on the planet, I found more than three hundred of them on the map, although I assume that there are many more. This is our Moskva-reka (Moscow river), the Mississippi, the Temza (the Thames), and Lake Michigan. This root has been preserved in various languages for example, in Japanese, where there is still the word mizi with the meaning water and there is the word mizimi with the meaning of lake.
The protoroot ms formed the Russian word mezhdu (between). The origin of the meaning is understandable: any body of water, and especially a river, always divides something: the left bank of the river, the right bank The river seems to be mezhdu (between). In the Greek language, the single root word meso (μέσος) has the meaning of middle, the middle. From this understanding came the meaning of the word mezha (boundary-line), meso (meso, mezzo) and the case form midas (median, medium, and others).
At some stage, the sound ms began to be included in the names and titles of rulers: Ahura Mazda, Gilgamesh, Masra (in Hebrew Mizri or Michri), Ramses, Ahmose, Thutmose, Messiah, Mashiach, Moses, and Monomakh. More recently, the word tomos a verdict, a decree of the ruler, has become popular. There are several versions of how the root ms came to mean power. The key to this solution can be the ancient Greek word pyramis (πυραμίς) and its case form pyramid (πυραμίδος).
10. The protoroots ai/ay [aɪ] up
and ia/ya down
About the mountain beginning say protoroots ay [aɪ] and ya. They are often found in the names of mountains, ridges or mountain rivers. The combination of the sounds i [j] and a is formed when we looking up. If a person raises his head at the same time when pronouncing any sounds, then the vowels first, the a sound come out unhindered. But as soon as the trachea bends, interrupting the air, a y sound appears. From this movement of the head two ancient protoroots appeared: ai is a movement up, ia is a movement down. Or simply: aiat the top, iafrom top to the bottom.
There is a beautiful example to understand how words appeared in ancient times this is the English word ice, consisting of two roots: ai and s. The first signified upward movement, the second is water. Where above could be water? Only in the mountains, on icy snow-capped peaks. Therefore, the word iceeven without translation means mountain water frozen on the tops. Protoroot ai gave the name of the white [waɪt] color. Where could the ancient people see the white color? Only on the snow-capped peaks of high mountains.
For some peoples, ai is the moon. When our ancestors looked at the moon with their heads up, the same ai sound was heard. The moon has been worshipped for thousands of years. It may be recalled that the biblical Sarah, born in Sumer, was named Sar-Ai, which meant the earth watered with water, fertilized under the moon. Subsequently, in Egypt, Sarah changed her faith, and they began to call her Sar-Ra, where ra is the sun.
Toponyms also tell us about the downward movement, when it is a descent from a mountain or deep hollows on the surface of the ground. It is because of the property of swamp bogs to suck people. Because of that the name of Baba Yaga appeared. Yaga is ya-ga the way down. Our fabulous grandmother used to be a grandfather an elder of the tribe baba, whose duties included making a sacrifice. It was one of the oldest traditions of natural (or rather artificial) selection, when sick and unviable tribesmen were sacrificed to swamp fires. Therefore, the ancient Indo-European word agni has two meanings: both fire and sacrifice at the same time. Thousands of years later, the familiar grandchildren of Baba Yaga, yag-monas, hegemons, igimons and unscrupulous maniacs appeared. The name Yahweh also comes from very ancient beliefs, when sacrifice was not so much a cult rite as a condition of survival.
Protoroot ya formed words such as yama, yasnyi (clear), yakor (anchor), yati (clear), yamega (seam in a sheepskin coat or fishing nets), and others. This protoroot found in the names Yokohama or Rambouillet, but more often simultaneously with protoroot ay/ai. For example, Sayans (s-ai-ya-na), Hawaii (ga-v-ai-ya) or our Crimean Aya (ai-ya), literally up and down.
11. The most popular ancient protoroot: kale, gale and liga
With the development of language, people have learned to supplement the meanings of individual sounds with other sounds that complement, explain and expand their meaning. This is how stable combinations appeared, forming complex protoroots. Let us consider the combination of the sounds of breathing ga-ka path-road and the soft sound l beloved, pleasant, comfortable, desirable and even divine.
The combination of ka-l and ga-l meant a favorite, desired, convenient way and marked thousands and thousands of convenient roads, directions and passages. We can see it from Kiel, Calais, Caledonia, Gulf Stream and Calcutta to Baikal and Oklahoma. The toponym was so popular that its meaning beloved and pleasant began to refer not only to the convenience of roads, but also to other phenomena of life. In the languages of many peoples, you will find an incredibly large number of words forming other, related meanings, from the Greek calligraphy, kallistrat and kalliope, the Jewish kagal, Halakha and Holocaust, European Gauls and Celts [kelts], Asian Mongols, kalmyks and karakalpaks to modern hall, zerkalo (mirror), globe, klizma (enema) and steklo (glass). Even the name of the famous Huckleberry Finn includes an understanding of the favorite way. Special attention can be paid to such ancient word formations as sickle (si-kale) the movement of water, and subsequently grain as a measure of value, the related shekel (she-kale) the movement of grain, and the oldest gold formed from both the measure of value and the secret da. Later, gold has been the circulation of a yellow metal, gold. Well, the most beautiful, preserved from ancient times, for me is the ancient Greek greeting kali mero, which has made its way from the meaning of good way to the modern good afternoon.
Reading the sounds ga and l in reverse order formed the word liga (league) with the meaning the way of the beloved and binding, connection/union. Combining sounds in this order has not lost its participation in the movement. For example, a soldiers boot with ties in Ancient Rome was called kaliga, and the emperor with the nickname kaliga was named Caligula. With a high degree of probability, it can be assumed that the word igo (yoke) is a distorted word liga. A yoke is a rope that binds livestock. It is the same meaning as in the word liga. The Tatar-Mongol yoke, or rather (this is my point of view) the Tartar-Mongol igo is an association linking farmers (to-ar, to-ar) and nomads (mono-gale). The syllable go [gɔ] in the word gosudarstvo (in English the word government with the same protoroot exists, and in Spanish gobierno) also has the meaning of unification, and the Chinese game Go is an ancient art of control or government. According to the sinologist Andrey Devyatov, go in Chinese means gosudarstvo (state). Moreover, in Japanese, the game of Go is still called I-go [ɪ-gɔ].