Кто за главного? Свобода воли с точки зрения нейробиологии - Майкл Газзанига 29 стр.


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26 Krakauer D. Частная беседа.

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Глава 5. Социальный разум

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2 См. обзор: Puce A., Perrett D. (2003) Electrophysiology and brain imaging of biological motion. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B: Biological Sciences. 358: 435-446.

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4 Premack D., Premack A. (1997) Infants attribute value to the goal-directed actions of self-propelled objects. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 9 (6): 848-856.

5 Hamlin J. K. et al. (2007) Social evaluation by preverbal infants. Nature. 450: 557-559.

6 Warneken R, Tomasello M. (2007) Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy. 11 (3): 271-294.

7 Warneken F. et al. (2007) Spontaneous altruism by chimpanzees and young children. PLoS Biology. 5 (7): 1414-1420.

8 Warneken F., Tomasello M. (2006) Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science. 311 (5765): 1301-1303.

9 Liszkowski U. et al. (2006) 12- and 18-month-olds point to provide information for others. Journal of Cognition and Development. 7 (2): 173-187.

10 Warneken F., Tomasello M. (2009) Varieties of altruism in children and chimpanzees. Trends in Cognitive Science. 13 (9): 397-402.

11 Olson K. R., Spelke E. S. (2008) Foundations of cooperation in young children. Cognition. 108 (1): 222-231.

12 Melis A. P. et al. (2008) Do chimpanzees reciprocate received favours? Animal Behaviour. 76 (3): 951-962.

13 Rakoczy H. et al. (2008) The sources of normativity: young children's awareness of the normative structure of games. Developmental Psychology. 44 (3): 875-881.

14 Stephens G.J. et al. (2010) Speaker-listener neural coupling underlies successful communication. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 107 (32): 14425-14430.

15 Jolly A. (1966) Lemur and social behavior and primate intelligence. Science. 153 (3735): 501-506.

16 Byrne R. W., Whiten A. (1988) Machiavellian intelligence: social expertise and the evolution of intellect in monkeys, apes, and humans. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

17 Byrne R. W., Corp N. (2004) Neocortex size predicts deception rate in primates. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B: Biological Sciences. 271 (1549): 1693-1699.

18 Moll H., Tomasello M. (2007) Cooperation and human cognition: the Vygotskian intelligence hypothesis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B: Biological Sciences. 362 (1480): 639-648.

19 Dunbar R. I. M. (1998) The social brain hypothesis. Evolutionary Anthropology. 6 (5): 178-190.

20 Dunbar R. I. M. (1993) Coevolution of neocortical size, group size and language in humans. Behavioral and Brain Sciences. 16 (4): 681-735.

21 Hill R. A., Dunbar R. I.M. (2003) Social network size in humans. Human Nature. 14 (1): 53-72.

22 Roberts S. G. B. et al. (2009) Exploring variation in active network size: constraints and ego characteristics. Social Networks. 1 (2): 138-146.

23 Dunbar R. I. M. (1996) Grooming, gossip, and the evolution of language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

24 Papineau D. (2005) Social learning and the Baldwin effect. In: Zilhao A. (ed.) Evolution, rationality and cognition: a cognitive science for the twenty-first century (P. 40-60). NY: Routledge.

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27 Lewontin R. C. (1982) Organism and environment. In: Plot-kin H. C. (ed.) Learning, development and culture: essays in evolutionary epistemology (P 151-171). NY: Wiley.

28 Odling-Smee F. J. et al. (2003) Niche construction: the neglected process in evolution. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

29 Flack J. C. et al. (2005) Social structure, robustness, and policing cost in a cognitively sophisticated species. The American Naturalist. 165 (5): E126 - E139.

30 Flack J. C. et al. (2005) Robustness mechanisms in primate societies: a perturbation study. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B: Biological Sciences. 272 (1568): 1091-1099.

31 Belyaev D. (1979) Destabilizing selection as a factor in domestication. Journal of Heredity. 70 (5): 301-308.

32 Hare B. et al. (2005) Social cognitive evolution in captive foxes is a correlated by-product of experimental domestication. Current Biology. 15 (3): 226-230.

33 Allport F. H. (1924) Social psychology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

34 Emler N. (1994) Gossip, reputation, and adaptation. In: Goodman R.F., Ben-Ze’ev A. (eds.) Good gossip (P. 117-138). Lawrence, KS: University Press of Kansas.

35 Call J., Tomasello M. (2008) Does the chimpanzee have a theory of mind? jo years later. Trends in Cognitive Science. 12 (5): 187-192.

36 Bloom P, German T. P. (2000) Two reasons to abandon the false belief task as a test of theory of mind. Cognition. 77 (1): B25 - B31.

37 Buttelmann D. et al. (2009) Eighteen-month-old infants show false belief understanding in an active helping paradigm. Cognition. 112 (2): 337-342.

38 Cm.: Baron-Cohen S. (1995) Mindblindness: an essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press; а также Baron-Cohen S. et al. (1985) Does the autistic child have a "theory of mind"? Cognition. 21 (1): 37-46.

39 Rizzolatti G. et al. (1996) Premotor cortex and the recognition of motor actions. Cognitive Brain Research. 3 (2): 131-141.

40 Fadiga L. et al. (1995) Motor facilitation during action observation: a magnetic stimulation study. Journal of Neurophysiology. 73 (6): 2608-2611.

41 Singer T. et al. (2004) Empathy for pain involves the affective hut not sensory components of pain. Science. 303 (5661): 1157-1162.

42 Jackson P. L. et ai. (2005) How do we perceive the pain of others? A window into the neural processes involved in empathy. Neurolma-ge. 24 (3): 771-779-

43 Dimberg U. et al. (2000) Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions. Psychological Science. 11 (1): 86-89.

44 Chartrand T. L., Bargh J. A. (1999) The chameleon effect: the perception-behavior link and social interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 76 (6): 893-910.

45 Giles H., Powesland P. F. (1975) Speech style and social evaluation. London: Academic Press.

46 См. обзор: Chartrand T. L. et al. (2005) Beyond the perception-behavior link: the ubiquitous utility and motivational moderators of nonconscious mimicry. In: Hassin R. R. et al. (eds.) The new unconscious (P. 334-361). NY: Oxford University Press.

47 Van Baaren R. B. et al. (2004) Mimicry and prosocial behavior. Psychological Science. 15 (1): 71-74.

48 Chaiken S. (1980) Heuristic versus systematic information processing and the use of source versus message cues in persuasion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 39 (5): 752-766.

49 Hatfield E. et al. (1993) Emotional contagion. Current Directions in Psychological Sciences. 2 (3): 96-99.

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51 Bourgeois R, Hess U. (1999) Emotional reactions to political leaders' facial displays: a replication. Psychophysiology. 36: S36.

52 Bourgeois R, Hess U. (2007) The impact of social context on mimicry. Biological Psychology. 77 (3): 343-352.

53 Доклад, представленный на конференции: Yabar Y. et al. (2001) Dis-moi si vous êtes intimes, je te dirais si tu mimes [Tell me if you're intimate and I'll tell you if you'll mimic]. 24th annual meeting of the Société Québécoise pour la Recherche en Psychologie. Chicoutimi, Canada.

54 De Waal F. (2001) The ape and the sushi master: cultural reflections of a primatologist. NY: Basic Books.

55 См.: Baner G., Harley H. (2001) The mimetic dolphin. Beha-viorial and Brain Sciences. 24 (2): 326-327. [Комментарий к статье Rendell L., Whitehead H. (2001) Culture in whales and dolphins. Behaviorial and Brain Sciences. 24 (2): 309-324.]

56 См.: Visalbergi-ii E., Fragaszy D. M. (1990) Do monkeys ape? In: Parker S.T., Gibson K.R. (eds.) Language and intelligence in monkeys and apes (E 247-273). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; а также Whiten A., Ham R. (1992) On the nature and evolution of imitation in the animal kingdom: reappraisal of a century of research. In: Slater P.J.B. et al. (eds.) Advances in the study of behavior (P. 239-283). NY: Academic Press.

57 Kumashiro M. et al. (2003) Natural imitation induced by joint attention in Japanese monkeys. International Journal of Psychophysiology. 50 (1-2): 81-99.

58 Hume D. (1777) An enquiry concerning the principles of morals (i960 ed., P. 2). La Salle, IL: Open Court.

59 Brown D. E. (1991) Human universals. NY: McGraw-Hill.

60 Haidt J. (2010) Morality. In: Fiske S.T. et al. (eds.) Handbook of social psychology (5th ed., V. 2, P. 797-832). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

61 Haidt J. (2001) The emotional dog and its rational tail: a social intuitionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review. 108 (4): 814-834.

62 Haidt J., Bjorklund F. (2008) Social intuitionists answer six questions about moral psychology. In: Sinnott-Armstrong W (ed.) Moral psychology (V 2, P 181-217). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

63 Westermarck E. A. (1891) The history of human marriage. NY: Macmillan.

64 См.: ShepherJ. (1983) Incest: a biosocial view. Orlando, FL: Academic Press; а также Wolf A. P. (1970) Childhood association and sexual attraction: a further test of the Westermarck hypothesis. American Anthropologist. 72 (3): 864-874.

65 Lieberman D. et al. (2002) Does morality have a biological basis? An empirical test of the factors governing moral sentiments relating to incest. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. B: Biological Sciences. 270 (1517): 819-826.

66 Greene J. D. et al. (2001) An fMRI investigation of emotional engagement in moral judgment. Science. 293 (5537): 2105-2108.

67 Hauser M. (2006) Moral minds. NY: Harper Collins.

68 Koenigs M. et al. (2007) Damage to the prefrontal cortex increases utilitarian moral judgements. Nature. 446: 908-911.

69 Pinker S. (2008, January 13) The moral instinct. The New York Times. Cm.: http://nytimes.com

70 См.: Haidt J., Joseph C. (2004) Intuitive ethics: how innately prepared intuitions generate culturally variable virtues. Daedalus. 133 (4): 55-66; а также Haidt J., Bjorklund F. (2008) Social intuitionists answer six questions about moral psychology. In: Sinnott-Armstrong W (ed.) Moral psychology (V. 2, P 181-217). Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press.

71 Darwin C. (1871) The descent of man. In: Adler M.J. (ed.) Great books of the western world (1952 ed., V. 49, P 322). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

72 Knoch D. et al. (2006) Diminishing reciprocal fairness by disrupting the right prefrontal cortex. Science. 314 (5800): 829-832.

73 Anderson S. W. et al. (1999) Impairment of social and moral behavior related to early damage in human prefrontal cortex. Nature Neuroscience. 2 (11): 1032-1037.

Глава 6. Мы есть закон

1 Van В i ем a D. (1997, March 3) A murder in Florida revives an earlier horror and raises questions about the aftermath of punishment. Time. Cm.: http://time.com

2 Spake A. (1997, March 5) Newsreal: the return of Larry Single-ton. Salon. Cm.: http://salon.com

3 Puit G. (2002, January 6) 1978 Mutilation: family relieved by Singletons death. Review-Journal. См.: http://crimeshots.com/VincentNightmare.html

4 Taylor M. (2002, January 1) Lawrence Singleton, despised ra-pisty dies /He chopped off teenager's arms in 19/8. San Francisco Chronicle. Cm.: http://sfgate.com

5 Harrower J. (1998) Applying psychology to crime. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

6 Hackett R. (2003, January 30) A victim, a survivor; an artist. Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Cm.: http://seattlepi.com

7 Nisbett R. E. et al. (2001) Culture and systems of thought: holistic versus analytic cognition. Psychological Review. 108 (2): 291-310.

8 Nisbett R. E. (2003) The geography of thought: how Asians and Westerners think differently and why (P 2-3,5). NY: Free Press.

9 Hedden T. et al. (2008) Cultural influences on neural substrates of attentional control. Psychological Science. 19 (1): 12-17.

10 Uskul A. K. et al. (2008) Ecocultural basis of cognition: farmers and fishermen are more holistic than herders. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 105 (25): 8552-8556.

11 Кім H. S. et al. (2010) Culture, serotonin receptor polymorphism and locus of attention. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 5: 212-218.

12 Частная беседа.

13 United Kingdom House of Lords decisions (1843, May 26, June 19). Daniel M’Naghten’s case. Cm.: http://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/ UKHL/1843/J16.html

14 Weisberg D. S. etal. (2008) The seductive allure of neuroscience explanations. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 20: 470-477.

15 Shariff A. F. et al. (2014) Free will and punishment: a mechanistic view of human nature reduces retribution. Psychological Science. 25 (8): 1563-1570.

16 The President’s council on bioethics (2004). An overview of the impact of neuroscience evidence in criminal law. Cm.: https:// bioethicsarchive.georgetown.edu/pcbe/background/neuroscience_ evidence.html

17 Sc alia A. (2002) Atkins v. Virginia (00-8452) 556 U.S. 504. Cm.: https://law.comell.edu/supct/html/00-8452.ZO.html

18 Snead О. C. (2006) Neuroimaging and the courts: standards and illustrative case index. Cm.: http://ncsc.org

19 Talairach P. T., Tournoux P. (1988) Co-planar stereotaxic atlas for the human brain. 3-D proportional system: an approach to cerebral imaging (P VII). NY: Thicme Medical Publishers.

20 Miller M. B. et al. (2002) Extensive individual differences in brain activations associated with episodic retrieval are reliable over time. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 14 (8): 1200-1214.

21 Doron C., Gazzaniga M.S. (2009) Neuroimaging techniques offer new perspectives on callosal transfer and interhemi-spheric communication. Cortex. 44 (8): 1023-1029.

22 Putman M.C. et al. (2009) Cortical projection topography of the human splenium: hemispheric asymmetry and individual difference. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 22 (8): 1662-1669.

23 Desmurget M. et al. (2009) Movement intention after parietal cortex stimulation in humans. Science. 324 (811): 811-813.

24 Brass M., Haggard P. (2008) The what, when, whether model of intentional action. Neuroscientist. 14 (4): 319-325.

25 Brass M., Haggard P. (2007) To do or not to do: the neural signature of self-control. Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (34): 9141-9145.

26 Kuhn S. et al. (2009) Intentional inhibition: how the "veto-area" exerts control. Human Brain Mapping. 30 (9): 2834-2843.

27 Schaukr F. (2010) Neuroscience, lie-detection, and the law: contrary to the prevailing view, the suitability of brain-based lie-detection for courtroom or forensic use should be determined according to legal and not scientific standards. Trends in Cognitive Science. 14 (3): 101-103.

28 Bond C.F., de Paulo B.M. (2006) Accuracy of deception judgments. Personality and Social Psychology Review. 10: 214-234.

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