2) gender history a sub-field of History and Gender studies, which looks at the past from the perspective of gender. It is in many ways an outgrowth of Women's History. 2) gender history the accepted behaviors, thoughts, and emotions of a specific gender based upon the views of a particular society or culture. 2) gender history the process of developing the behaviors, thoughts, and emotions associated with a particular gender. 2) gender history social roles ascribed (приписываемые) to individuals on the basis of their sex. The term gender differs from sex because it refers specifically to the cultural definition of the roles and behaviour appropriate to members of each sex rather than to those aspects of human behaviour that are determined by biology. Thus giving birth is a female sex role, while the role of infant nurturer and care giver (which could be performed by a male) is a gender role ascribed to females;
3) feminism is a standpoint that claims less powerful members of society are able to achieve a more complete view of social reality than are others. A diverse political and intellectual movement chiefly developed by women, but having increasing influence with both sexes, that seeks to criticize, re-evaluate and transform the place of women in social organization and in culture. A major area of concern to feminism is the recovery and articulation of women's' experience in history and in contemporary societies and a wholesale reconstruction of the fundamental intellectual assumptions of social practices and of many areas of study. The sociology of knowledge assumption behind this is the idea that knowledge is socially constructed and shaped; 3) feminism argues that the liberal principles of equality, freedom and equality of opportunity must be fully extended to women. This form of feminism does not call for specific structural changes to society. Neither patriarchy nor capitalism are identified as the enemies of women, rather the restricted reach of liberalism is identified as the problem; 3) feminismis relatively recent and differs from traditional Marxism in arguing that women's oppression is historically primary, harder to transform, causes more harm and is more widespread than class oppression. It is argued that women's oppression provides a model for understanding other forms of oppression such as racism and class domination. Some radical feminists claim that women's oppression is rooted in biology and its elimination will require a biological revolution transforming the biological classification of individuals as males and females. Sociologists would note, however, that even though this is a classification based on biological differences it is a socially constructed classification;
4) feminist movement is a social movement whose goal has been, and continues to be, the elimination of the patriarchal nature of society. Two large waves of feminist organization can be identified, the first following the French Revolution and extending the principles of liberty and freedom to women. This period is associated with M. Wollstonecraft (1759-1797). The second can be identified with French writer S. De Beauvoir's The Second Sex in 1952 and, in North America, with B. Friedan's book, The Feminine Mystique, in 1963.
5) feminist theory is an attempt to understand the social, economic and political position of women in society, with a view to liberation. Feminist theory has challenged the claims to objectivity of previous social science and by examining society from women's position has called much social science into question as being male-centered and a component of the hegemonic rule of patriarchy: liberal feminism / radical feminism / Marxist feminism / ecofeminism.
6) feminization of poverty - a social process in which the incidence of poverty among women becomes much higher than among men. Changes in social policy, the structure of the family and the workplace, life expectancy have had the unintended result of increasing the female proportion of the population in poverty.
7) identity , 7) identity especially in relation to society or culture: the internal sense or condition of being either male or female sex.
8) maleness, masculinity the properties characteristic of the male sex; 8) maleness, masculinity the properties showing characteristics of both sexes; 8) maleness, masculinity the properties characteristic of the female sex;
9) patriarchy literally rule by the father but more generally it refers to a social situation where men are dominant over women in wealth, status and power. Patriarchy is associated with a set of ideas, that acts to explain and justify this dominance and attributes it to inherent natural differences between men and women.
Sociologists tend to see patriarchy as a social product and not as an outcome of innate differences between the sexes;
10) sex the properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive roles
11) sexism actions or attitudes that discriminate against people based solely on their gender. Sexism is linked to power in that those with power are typically treated with favour and those without power are typically discriminated against. Sexism is also related to stereotypes since the discriminatory actions or attitudes are frequently based on false beliefs or over generalizations about gender and on seeing gender as relevant when it is not.
12) sexual dimorphism (masculinity, 12) sexual dimorphism (masculinity differences between males and females in size and appearance. Sexual dimorphism in humans is greater than in some animals and less than in many. Evolutionary psychologists and biologists are intrigued to understand the function of sexual dimorphism.
13) sexual division of labour the allocation of work task, either in the private household or in the public economy, on the basis of the sex of the person. Women may cook the meals and men wash the dishes, or women may perform caring roles such as nursing or social work in the public economy, while men perform the tasks of driving trucks, fighting fires. Most societies have had some division of labour by sex. But the division of labour between the sexes is chiefly gendered: it is based on cultural practices rather than any inherent suitability of either sex to perform specific roles.
Lexicon used in the tasks: abstract a condensed version of a piece of writing, speech; summary Lexicon used in the tasks: abstract make a shortened form of a statement, speech Lexicon used in the tasks: abstract обсуждать вопрос Lexicon used in the tasks: abstract отмечать, подчеркиватьLexicon used in the tasks: abstract пункт, вопрос Lexicon used in the tasks: abstract-ses Lexicon used in the tasks: abstract brief account giving the main points of something; а short statement that gives the main idea \ the gist and facts from the text
Russian equivalents to English phrases used in the tasks:
write a brief account giving the main points of the text передайте в краткой форме основное содержание тектста; reproduce the message of the text изложите основную идею текста; make an outline of the events составьте план содержания текста; use а dictionary or Googles search field or any other search engine for translating для перевода используйте словарь, «Гугл» или любую другую поисковую систему в Интернете; write down some questions you would like to ask the group about the text; share your questions with the group mates / dramatize the dialogue / test each other/ interview other students) задать вопросы студентам вашей группы; fill in a questionnaire / complete a form заполнить анкету; exchange / share information, opinions, experiences обмениваться мнениями, информацией, опытом
Russian equivalents to English phrases used in the tasks:
write a brief account giving the main points of the text передайте в краткой форме основное содержание тектста; reproduce the message of the text изложите основную идею текста; make an outline of the events составьте план содержания текста; use а dictionary or Googles search field or any other search engine for translating для перевода используйте словарь, «Гугл» или любую другую поисковую систему в Интернете; write down some questions you would like to ask the group about the text; share your questions with the group mates / dramatize the dialogue / test each other/ interview other students) задать вопросы студентам вашей группы; fill in a questionnaire / complete a form заполнить анкету; exchange / share information, opinions, experiences обмениваться мнениями, информацией, опытом
2.2 Тренинг личностных стратегий изучения иностранного языка
Учебные стратегии работы с иноязычным текстом:
использую сопровождающие текст рисунки и фотографии, диаграммы и графики, делаю рисунки к тексту самостоятельно;
обращаю внимание на шрифт (часто для предварительного понимания темы текста);
использую фоновые знания, нахожу значения слова по контексту;
дешифрую заголовки; строю гипотезы о предполагаемом содержании текста; предвосхищаю развитие темы, продолжения, завершения событий;
веду записи по мере извлечения информации из текста;
использую знание родного языка для объяснения похожих явлений в иностранном языке;
нахожу значения новых слов по формальным (словообразовательные модели, общность корня) и семантическим (синонимы, антонимы и пр.) признакам;
распознаю синтаксические структуры, прогнозирую слова и фразы, использую навыки «грамматики» чтения, т. е. распознаю значения и роли коннекторов в тексте, сложносочиненных и сложноподчиненных предложениях; определяю логическую / хронологическую последовательность фактов, выявляю причинно-следственные отношения;
выделяю ключевые слова;
структурирую текст посредством составления плана;
использую переработанную информацию в коммуникативных целях в устной и письменной речи;
использую словари различных типов, справочники, карты, энциклопедии, ресурсы Интернет.
2.3 Text 10 most powerful women in tech
The tech world is fast-moving, highly competitive and male-dominated. But not completely male-dominated. Some of the most prestigious and best-remunerated roles are held by females. Carolyn Leighton, founder and chairwoman of Women in Technology International (WITI ), identifies the most powerful women in tech.
WITI is the premiere global organization empowering women in business and technology to achieve unimagined possibilities. With a global network of smart, talented women and a market reach exceeding 2 million, WITI has powerful programs and partnerships that provide connections, resources, opportunities and a supportive environment of women committed to helping each other. Along with its professional association of Networks throughout the U.S. and worldwide, including Hong Kong, Great Britain, Australia, and Mexico, WITI delivers value for individuals that work for a company, the government or academia, as well as small business owners.
WITI products and services include: Networking, WITI Marketplace, Career Services/Search, National Conferences and Regional Events, Publications and Resources, Small Business Programs, Research, Bulletin Boards.
WITI identified the most powerful women in tech:
Sheryl Sandberg, Judy and Deborah Estrins. Cher Wang, Sandy Carter, Meg Whitman, Ginny Rometty, Maja J Mataric, Weili Dai, Mary Meeker
# 1 Sheryl Sandberg
After four years as Facebook's COO-and shepherding the company through its much anticipated and critiqued $100 billion IPO in May-Sandberg was named to the social network's board of directors in June. She is Facebook's first female board member and owns nearly $1 billion of unvested stock in the company.
The Harvard MBA served as chief of staff for the U.S. Treasury Department under President Bill Clinton, and managed Google's online global sales and operations as a vice president.
One of few prominent women in tech, Sandberg has become the torch-bearer for a generation of women hoping to balance high-profile jobs with motherhood, an increasingly fraught issue in 2012. "I don't believe in 'having it all,'" she says. "But I do believe in women and men having both a successful career and family. The more women we get into positions of power, the more likely we'll get that."
# 2 Cher Wang
As co-founder and chairwoman of HTC Corporation, Taiwan's leading tech business, Cher Wang has overseen the development of smart phone and mobile technology, partnering with Google and Microsoft to create globally renowned products that are compatible with the software giants' respective Android and Windows platforms.
Alongside her husband, Wang is also chairwoman and cofounder of VIA Technologies, which supplies PC processor platforms. Wang represents Taiwan on the APEC Business Advisory Council and HTC is an industry partner of the World Economic Forum.
A devout Christian, she was ranked the 276th richest person in the world, with an estimated personal wealth of $4 billion, by Forbes Magazine, which describes her as "the most powerful woman in wireless."
"Her impetus for starting HTC was to develop hardware products that foster easier, more efficient communication. She's led HTC in approaching development from the perspective of creating a holistic experience with a focus on personal choice, observing and listening to create products that cater to a perceived consumer desire," says Leighton.
# 3 Judy Estrin
A serial entrepreneur, Estrin studied computer science at UCLA and electrical engineering at Stanford alongside Vint Cerf, who is recognized as one of the fathers of the internet, in the 1970s. At Zilog Corporation, she led a team that developed one of the first commercial LAN systems, and has co-founded three companies manufacturing networking devices and software. From 1998 to 2000, she served as CTO for Cisco Systems and has been a board member for Disney, FedEx, Rockwell and Sun Microsystems.