Interpreters should look for the necessary language means to represent differences in the cultural biomorphic codes.
1. Krasnykh V.V.: Etnopsikholingvistika i lingvokul'turologiya: Kurs lektsiy. M.: ITDGK «Gnozis», 2002. 284 s.
2. Florin S., Vlakhov S. Neperevodimoye v perevode. M.: Izdatel'stvo «Mezhduna-rodnyye otnosheniya», 1980. 341 s.
3. Stikhi Matushki Gusyni: Sbornik / Na angl. i russk. yaz. M.: OAO Izdatel'stvo «Raduga», 2003. 384 s.
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATIONS AND TRANSLATING FROM ENGLISH INTO NON-ENGLISH LANGUAGES
УДК 81-22
BAKIROVA A.
Ufa State University of Economics and Service (Ufa)
Intercultural communications relates to cultural competence. Interacting with people of different backgrounds is important in the modern day world and understanding the cultural context, background, and upbringing of the people around you, can allow a better relationship to develop.
Intercultural communication is laden with difficulties. Even with the progressive globalization of the modern world, language continues to be a barrier to effective communication. If you have ever studied a foreign language or spoken with someone for whom English is a second language, you are aware that many speech patterns and common expressions simply do not translate well. Although nonverbal intercultural communication is less frequently explored, it is still extremely important. From hand gestures to bowing, nonverbal communication is crucial in every culture. Understanding the common issues associated with intercultural communication can lead to more effective communication with people from different cultures.
Knowing how to speak two languages is not the same thing as knowing how to translate. Translation is a special skill that professionals work hard to develop.
When an advanced translator takes on a job they keep in mind the numerous aspects that go beyond simply translating the literal English translation. These aspects include:
Cultural nuances
Document structure
Context
Composition
Accurate dialect/colloquialism
Understood target audience
Why is English Translation Difficult?
There are several, unique aspects of the English language that cause English translation into another language to be quite challenging. One of these difficulties includes the verb-adverb concept that is distinct to English. This concept includes combinations like turn on, turn off, mark up, or mark down. It can be quite difficult for translators to reflect this as other languages only use single specific verbs instead of the English verb-adverb combinations.
Another reason English translation into another language is so difficult is because of how English incorporates articles. Even though nearly every Western European languages use articles, a significant amount of other languages do not.
English Translation to Spanish Translation.
In the translation process, a significant detail a translator must take into account is the target market. This is especially critical when it comes to Spanish translations, since there are so many countries and cultures where it is spoken with subtle differences.
Despite the fact that some say there is a universal Spanish language that can be attained by using general terminology (understood in most regions), it is known that each country or region has its own colloquialism, unique expressions, ways of addressing people, and ways of using tenses.
This is undoubtedly the chief feature that should be kept in mind when translating an English translation into Spanish. Translating for a market in Spain is vastly different than translating for a market in Argentina, Mexico or the Spanishspeaking community in the US.
English Translation of Proverbs.
Proverbs, clichés and idioms are a notable examples that displays the process and complexities of English translation. This is especially pertinent in languages that belong to different families like English and Arabic. If there is no exact equivalent, the translator must find a suitable translation. This is why it is so important for the translator to translate from his/her mother tongue.
To illustrate, the English proverb diamond cut diamond has no exact Arabic equivalent. The proverb would not make sense in the target language (Arabic) if it were rendered literally. That is why, for this example, the translator must be a native English speaker so they are able to adequately understand the exact meaning of the proverb and reflect it with a suitable Arabic translation. Only highly experienced and knowledgeable translators are able to accurately transpose such information.
1. Nataly Kelly, Jost Zetzsche « Found in Translation: How Language Shapes Our Lives and Transforms the World»
2. http://www.7brands.com/translation-articles/target-language/englishtranslation/english.htm
3. http://www.lifescript.com/soul/self/growth/intercultural_communication_su rviving_in_a_global_world.aspx
THE ROLE OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN INTERCULTURAL DIALOGUE
УДК 8124
DMITRIEVA D.
Bashkir State University (Ufa)
The English language has become widely spread now. It is one of the world's most important languages. it is an international language, the language of progressive science and engineering. We may say that English now is number one in the world, second only to Chinese.
Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand are regarded as English-speaking countries. Though the customs, traditions and the ways of life in these countries are quite different, they have owed common language English it is the language of their ancestors who once left their homeland and sailed across the oceans in search of a new life and happy future.
Those who like foreign languages as well as teaching may enter the Linguistic University and become a teacher of one or two foreign languages English, German, French, Spanish or Italian. Some graduates may work as teachers at schools or Institutes, others as interpreters, translations, publishers, public relations agents.
A more general aim to learn foreign languages is to make our intellectual and cultural horizons wider through reading foreign authors in the original and through contacts with people of another culture. Languages study is an important key to understanding other peoples cultures.
As any other languages, English is a manifestation of culture. With the help of the English language one can acquire cultural background information and increase the knowledge about English-speaking countries and the people who live there, about their customs and traditions.
A foreign language is absolutely necessary for those who work in any branch of science. If you want to know much about the worlds famous scientific research information, you need command of a foreign language. And first of all you need English, because it is the language of most scientific books and magazines.
Nowadays English is becoming the language for practical usage. It is spoken in business. English is widely spoken at international conferences and also by those who travel in Europe, Asia, Africa and even in South America.
Nowadays, above 350 million people speak English as their native language. About the same number use it as a second language. English is spoken by no less than 50 per cent people on the Earth.
As for me I am absolutely sure that every educated and cultural person should know at least one or two foreign languages. There are many reasons for people to learn foreign languages. One of the main reasons is the need to communicate orally or in writing with other people who use this language. You may communicate with them over the Internet or mail if they are far away. When you listen to tapes, radio, watch videos and read a book or newspaper in a foreign language, it also means that you communicate. It is because you understand not only the words but thoughts and ideas of other people and you are ready to express your own thoughts in reply.
LEXICAL CORRESPONDENCES
УДК 81373.46-021.161=111
DOLZHENKO K.
Ufa State University of Economics and Service (Ufa)
The study of the language is arguably the most hotly contested property in the academic realm. That is why linguistics compares languages and explores their histories, in order to find and to account for its development and origins to give the answers to this or that language point. Due to the semantic features of language the meanings of words, their ability to combine with other words, their usage, the place they hold in the lexical system of a language do not concur for the most part. All the same ideas expressed by words coincide in most cases, though the means of expression differ [1]. Lexical correspondences are such words and phraseological units in the target language which can be used instead of definite words and phraseological units in the source language. The term lexical correspondence should be differentiated from the term lexical correlation (correlated words). Speaking about lexical correspondence we mean words in one, target language. Lexical correspondences are usually fixed in dictionaries, thats why thy may be also called dictionary correspondences. The principal types of lexical correspondences between two languages are as follows:
1) Complete correspondences;
2) Partial correspondences;
3) The absence of correspondences.
Complete correspondences of lexical units of two languages can rarely be found. As a rule they belong to the following lexical groups.
1. Proper names and geographical denominations;
2. Scientific and technical terms / with the exception of terminological polysemy/;
3. The months and days of the week, numerals.
While translating the lexical units partial correspondences mostly occur. That happens when a word in the language of the original conforms to several equivalents in the language it is translated into. The reasons of these facts are the following.
1. Most words in a language are polysemantic, and the system of word meaning in one language does not concur with the same system in another language completely.
2. The specification of synonymous order which pertain the selection of words.