3. Each word effects the meaning of the object it designates.
4. The differences of semantic content of the equivalent words in two languages.
5. Each language has its own typical rules of combinability.
6. Most difficulties are encountered when translating the so called pseudo international words i.e. words which are similar in form in both languages, but differ in meaning or use.
The Absence of correspondences, or realie words are denoting objects, phenomena and so on, which are typical of a people. In order to render correctly the designation of objects referred to in the original and image associated with them it is necessary to know the tenor of life epoch and specific features of the country depicted in the original work.
The following groups of words can be regarded as having no equivalents:
realiae of everyday life words denoting objects, phenomena etc., which typical of a people;
proper names and geographical denominations;
addresses and greetings;
the titles of journals, magazines and newspapers;
weights, linear measures etc.
When dealing with realiae it is necessary to take special account of the pragmatic aspect of the translation, because the «knowledge gained by experience» of the participants of the communicative act turns out to be different [2].
1. Curme G.O. English Grammar. N.Y., 2003, p. 251.
2. Мухина Н.Б. Учебно-методический комплекс по курсу «Теория и практика перевода». 2011.
LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS
УДК 8116-027.511=111
ELAEVA E.
Ufa State University of Economics and Service (Ufa)
Language is not only unique to humans and diverse but there are also common features between languages. About five thousand languages are spoken in the world today but there is a basic unity that underlies their diversities. Many of the worlds languages show similar principles. 'Language universals' are a set of principles which describe systematic patterns in languages in other words they describe what the world's languages have in common. These language universals classify entire languages into categories which are then based on shared properties. There exist three approaches to explaining universals. These are namely the monogenesis, the innateness including other psychological explanations and the functional and pragmatic explanations. The term monogenesis means that there is a genetic origin which holds true for all languages of the world. The hypothesis is that there once existed and ancestor language from which all the languages of the world developed. This would also implicate that each of the universals have been part of the ancestor language and that they have passed on through all the stages the language went through. Authorities who speak about innateness are simply arguing that in the absence of any alternative coherent explanation for language universals, innateness is the only possibility that can be. Instead of serving to deepen our understanding of language universals, the absence of any possibility of testing innateness as an explanation serves rather to divert researchers from considering alternatives that may be testable [1]. The last approach is the one of the functional and pragmatic explanations. The argument concerning this approach is that through certain universals language becomes more functional. This contradicts the numerous instances where language seems to be dysfunctional. The existence of synonyms seems to be a needless luxury and even more clearly the existence of homonyms [2].
There are so many linguistic features which the languages of the world share. Some are basic, such as the notion of sentence or verb, some are complex, such as Wh- movement. The rules which all languages have in common, with either very few, or no exceptions are called absolute universals. Lets consider the following statements.
All languages are equipped with the grammatical structures needed to give orders, negate a thought, and ask a question.
All languages use verbs which reflect the past, present, or future.
All languages possess a finite set of phonemes (sounds) including vowels and consonants which are strung together to form words.
All languages share the basic categories of words, such as nouns, verbs, description words, relative clauses, and a method for counting.
All languages use pronouns.
All languages include any blend of or subcategory of the basis five colors: red, blue, yellow, black and white. The colors which are included in every language are red, white, and black [3].
To sum up, we must say that Language Universals are unique in starting with the assumption that the best way to approach these and related questions is through a dialogue between a wide range of disciplines, including linguistics, cognitive neuroscience, philosophy, computer science and biology.
1. Comrie 1981: 24. The languages of the Soviet Union
2. Comrie 1981: 25. The languages of the Soviet Union
3. Chomsky, N. (1988). Language and problems of knowledge. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press
MYSTERY AND DIFFICULTY OF TRANSLATION
УДК 8125=111
FAZYLOV A.
Ufa State University of Economics and Service (Ufa)
Even a professional translator is faced a number of objective difficulties that have to be considered. Many people believe that translation as transfer of words one language into another language cannot be precise and good. There are many reasons for that [1]:
1) The discrepancy between material objects or their verbal expressions. In general, the reality in which we live is different from the one in which speakers of others language live;
2) The discrepancy between a number of meanings of the same words in different languages;
3) Different collocability and idiomatic expressions;
4) The un-translatable dialect words and jargon;
5) Untranslatable realiae.
Meanwhile, the translation hide a few pitfalls. Among them are false friends of a translator. They are words similar in sound and spelling to the words of the target language, but very different in meaning. Once of perfume company Clairol introduced in Germany its deodorants, using Slogan Mist Stick. It turned out that the German word Mist is slang for manure.
Significant challenges for the translator are also the proper names. For example, the Russian name of the U.S. state of Texas is Техас- is neither a translation (otherwise it would be Тексас), nor transcription (Тэксес). It is a historical form of translation.
Moreover, the translation in general, and in the translation of proper names in particular, we are faced with a problem of euphony. Coca-Cola Company couldt find the brand name to sell their products in China for long time. The Chinese pronounce____ the name of the drink is kekukela meaning Bite Waxy Tadpole. The company had to go over 40 thousand options before choosing the name Koka Kole, which means Happiness in the Mouth.
It is worth nothing that there are a number of historical errors that it is impossible to correct. They have become part of the language and part of history. For example travelers who were the first to visit Australia asked Aboriginal people What is that animal? And those, without understanding them, answering in their own language, We do not understand, which sounded like kangaroo. And travelers decided that this name of the animal.
We must be very attentive to the authors text when we translate poetry. But in the process of translation there appear such obstacles like phonetic, vocabularystylistical and grammatical differences [3].
All these have an influence on the translation. The sentence passed through various traditions, attitudes and minds can be different from the original [2].
For the dame reasons, automatic translator can translate text only literally. There is still of work to modernize translation programs. Every year new programs appear and old programs are modernized, but they cant still reproduce every sense of the text.
1. Заикин Е. Трудности перевода // 02 июня 2010. http://blog.perevedem.ru/2010/06/02/trudnosti-perevoda-i/
2. Вартанян Э.А. Путешествие в слово, 1976.
3. Трудности перевода поэтического текста (пять переводов стихотворения П. Валерина «Марина»), Кокорина А.В., 21-09-2011.
ORNAMENT AS PEOPLES MOST CLASSICAL LANGUAGE
УДК 7.04:81
IMANGULOVA F.
Ufa State University of Economics and Service (Ufa)
Language and communication.
Language is the system of verbal expression of thoughts. But there is a question, whether the person can think without resorting to the help of the language? The majority of researchers believe that thinking can exist only on the basis of the language and actually identifies language and thinking.
German linguist Augustus Shleykher considered that thinking and language are as identical as the contents and the form.
Russian-American linguist Roman Yakobson explains these by the fact that signs necessary support for thought, but the internal thought, especially when thought is creative, willingly uses other systems of signs (nonverbal), more flexible among which conditional standard and individual (both constant, and incidental) can be met [1].
Ornament language.
Ornament is one of the most ancient forms of graphic activity of the person, known since the paleolith. In Latin "ornament" means "pattern". Initial images were artless: branch, the splinter of the cockleshell which was carried out on crude clay, or the seeds of plants pressed into it. Over time real seeds were replaced with their images. Already during a neolith era the ornament of ceramics represented not a casual set of strokes, strips, hyphens, and thought over, in composition the verified drawing filled with the symbolical contents [2].
Really, a language basis, an organizing kernel and the most important substantial element of complete system of culture, a form of transfer of centuries-old experience, socio-cultural values and meanings, means of expression of cultural identification, communication in information society are signs and symbols. They participate in forming texts of culture as which sign systems both the spiritual and the material world can be considered. Ability "to read out" these texts becomes a basis of mutual understanding, forming of dialogue and compromise search for tolerant coexistence of various traditional communities.