Хотя вы никогда не видели настоящего нейрона, вы, вероятно, знакомы с его структурой. Нейроны похожи на деревья (см. рис. 2.1). Информация собирается в верхних ответвлениях дендритов и передается по аксонному стволу, а затем корни отправляют информацию следующему нейрону. Сигнал проходит через аксон только в одну сторону, как молния, ударяющая в вершину дерева. Информация никогда не возвращается обратно к ветвям.
Рис. 2.1. Нейроны схожи с деревьями, но предназначены для совершенно иных функций. Нейрон получает информацию от других нейронов только у дендритов, напоминающих древесную крону. Эти сигналы проходят через аксон (древесный ствол) до терминальных ответвлений (там, где находятся древесные корни). Это как удар молнии в дерево: электрический разряд всегда бьет сверху и уходит в землю. Нейронный сигнал не может вернуться к верхним ветвям.
Нейроны соединяются друг с другом, образуя цепочки (см. рис. 2.2), которые расходятся в разных направлениях и образуют развилки, как дороги, формируя нейронные контуры (см. рис. 2.3).
Рис. 2.2. Нейроны выстраиваются в цепочки для коммуникации.
Рис. 2.3. Нейронные цепочки могут ветвиться, как дороги, и образуют нейронные контуры. Каждый нейрон обменивается информацией с множеством других соседних нейронов.
Интеллектуальные способности не определяются нейроном или даже группой нейронов. Количество имеющихся у нас нейронов не так важно, как степень их взаимосвязи.
Сроки решают все: этапы развития мозга
Хорошо известно, что опыт раннего детства имеет жизненно важное значение для сообразительности, здоровья и общего благополучия в зрелом возрасте[55]
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